UTA 5315 EXAM 4 COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION TEST SOLVED QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS COMPLETE
REVIEW RESOURCE
⩥ Contusion.
Answer: Bruising of brain tissue
Most common sites: Frontal and temporal lobes, frontotemporal junction
Results in brain edema, damaged neural tissues, increased intracranial
pressure, necrosis of confuses area.
Patient may experience immediate loss of consciousness (no more than 5
min), loss of reflexes, transient loss of respirations, bradycardia, low BP.
Vitals stabilize quickly.
⩥ Open (Penetrating) Trauma.
Answer: - Occurs when dura (outer layer of brain) is damaged and
contents of cranial vault are open to the environment
-Example:
,Basilar skull fracture: Fracture at base of skull. CSF leaks from ear
canal. Battle's sign (hematoma & swelling post auricular).
⩥ Diffuse Brain Injury/Diffuse Axonal Injury.
Answer: -Occurs from shaking force, causing shearing, tearing, and
stretching of nerve fibers and ultimately axonal death
- Concussion will occur
-High (good) Glasgow Coma score between 13-15
-May experience some amnesia
⩥ Concussion Grading.
Answer: Grades 1-4; Higher the number, the worse the concussion.
I: Onset of confusion lasting up to several minutes
IV: Loss of consciousness up to 6 hours. Loss of reflexes, cessation of
breathing, bradycardia, hypotension. Vitals quickly reverse.
⩥ Secondary Head Injury.
Answer: -Occurs secondary to primary head injury
, Example: Primary injury occurs, inflammatory cascade is initiated,
leading to brain swelling and tissue hypoxia. The hypoxia and swelling
cause more damage to the brain cells and are the etiology of the
secondary brain injuries.
Other examples: hypotension, hypoxia, anemia, hypo/hyperglycemia,
hypercapnia
⩥ Tertiary Brain Injury.
Answer: Develops after the acute event, usually days to months later.
Delays healing and contributes to more damage.
Results from complications like pneumonia, fever, infections,
immobility.
⩥ Increased Intracranial Pressure - Effects on Cranial Nerves.
Answer: Increasing ICP causes unequal pupils as a result of pressure on
the third cranial nerve.
Increasing ICP causes an increase in the systolic pressure, which reflects
the additional pressure needed to perfuse the brain. It increases the
pressure on the vagus nerve, which produces bradycardia, and it causes
an increase in body temperature from hypothalamic damage.
⩥ Normal ICP.
EXAMINATION TEST SOLVED QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS COMPLETE
REVIEW RESOURCE
⩥ Contusion.
Answer: Bruising of brain tissue
Most common sites: Frontal and temporal lobes, frontotemporal junction
Results in brain edema, damaged neural tissues, increased intracranial
pressure, necrosis of confuses area.
Patient may experience immediate loss of consciousness (no more than 5
min), loss of reflexes, transient loss of respirations, bradycardia, low BP.
Vitals stabilize quickly.
⩥ Open (Penetrating) Trauma.
Answer: - Occurs when dura (outer layer of brain) is damaged and
contents of cranial vault are open to the environment
-Example:
,Basilar skull fracture: Fracture at base of skull. CSF leaks from ear
canal. Battle's sign (hematoma & swelling post auricular).
⩥ Diffuse Brain Injury/Diffuse Axonal Injury.
Answer: -Occurs from shaking force, causing shearing, tearing, and
stretching of nerve fibers and ultimately axonal death
- Concussion will occur
-High (good) Glasgow Coma score between 13-15
-May experience some amnesia
⩥ Concussion Grading.
Answer: Grades 1-4; Higher the number, the worse the concussion.
I: Onset of confusion lasting up to several minutes
IV: Loss of consciousness up to 6 hours. Loss of reflexes, cessation of
breathing, bradycardia, hypotension. Vitals quickly reverse.
⩥ Secondary Head Injury.
Answer: -Occurs secondary to primary head injury
, Example: Primary injury occurs, inflammatory cascade is initiated,
leading to brain swelling and tissue hypoxia. The hypoxia and swelling
cause more damage to the brain cells and are the etiology of the
secondary brain injuries.
Other examples: hypotension, hypoxia, anemia, hypo/hyperglycemia,
hypercapnia
⩥ Tertiary Brain Injury.
Answer: Develops after the acute event, usually days to months later.
Delays healing and contributes to more damage.
Results from complications like pneumonia, fever, infections,
immobility.
⩥ Increased Intracranial Pressure - Effects on Cranial Nerves.
Answer: Increasing ICP causes unequal pupils as a result of pressure on
the third cranial nerve.
Increasing ICP causes an increase in the systolic pressure, which reflects
the additional pressure needed to perfuse the brain. It increases the
pressure on the vagus nerve, which produces bradycardia, and it causes
an increase in body temperature from hypothalamic damage.
⩥ Normal ICP.
