C224 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ representative sample. Answer: resembles the population that it came
from on ALL characteristics (the proportions of males and females,
teachers and non-teachers, young and old people, and so forth) except
total size
(is like the population except that it is smaller)
⩥ biased samples. Answer: nonrandom samples are said to be biased
samples because they are almost always systematically different from
the population on certain characteristics
⩥ 6 most common methods of data collection. Answer: 1. tests - most
common method used in quantitative research // used to gather data on
intellectual processes, attitudes, personality, self-perceptions, aptitude,
and other characteristics of research participants. ***MOST COMMON
TYPE IS STANDARDIZED TESTS*** (multiple choices, true-false,
and matching)
2. questionnaires - research participant reads and records his or her own
answers in the spaces provided on the questionnaire
,3. interviews - rarely used in quantitative research, but could be possible
if handled correctly (PRIMARILY FOR QUALITATIVE
RESEARCHER) - if used in quantitative, must STANDARDIZE what is
being presented to respondents - expose each participant to the same
stimulus - use INTERVIEW PROTOCOL (data-collection instrument
that includes items, response categories, instructions and so forth) -
***interview protocol is similar to questionnaire***
4. focus groups
5. observation - PRIMARILY FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER -
rarely used in quantitative research but may be possible if handled
correctly.
6. constructed and secondary or existing data
⩥ quantitative observation. Answer: the standardization of observational
procedures in order to obtain reliable quantitative data, such as counts or
frequencies and percentages
requires the standardization of different aspects of observations:
1. WHO is observed - what kinds of people are to be studied, such as
teachers or students
,2. WHAT is observed - what variables are to be observed, such as time
on task or out-of-seat behavior
3. WHEN the observations are to take place - during the morning hour,
during break time
4. WHERE the observations are to be carried out - in the laboratory, in
the classroom, in the lunchroom, on the playground
5. HOW the observations are to be done - extensive training of observers
to use same procedures so high interrater reliability can be obtained.
⩥ 2 Types of Quantitative Research Methods. Answer: 1. experimental
research
2. non-experimental research
⩥ experimental research. Answer: manipulating variables in a controlled
environment to isolate the causal effects of a particular variable or set of
variables
*experimental and quasi-experimental*
, - experimental: to identify causal relationships because it allows
researchers to observe, under controlled conditions, the effects of
systematically changing one or more variables
**Researcher MANIPULATES the independent variable by actively
intervening in the world and then observes what happens (manipulation -
an intervention studied by an experimentor
**used to address causal research questions
⩥ non-experimental research. Answer: there is no manipulation of an
independent variable. There is also no random assignment to groups by
the researcher - as random assignment is only possible in the strongest
experimental designs
include:
- correlational (studies that look at relationships between variables)
- predictive (studies that examine prediction of future levels of variable)
- causal-comparative methods (studies that examine how different pre-
existing groups vary on a variable or variables)
COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ representative sample. Answer: resembles the population that it came
from on ALL characteristics (the proportions of males and females,
teachers and non-teachers, young and old people, and so forth) except
total size
(is like the population except that it is smaller)
⩥ biased samples. Answer: nonrandom samples are said to be biased
samples because they are almost always systematically different from
the population on certain characteristics
⩥ 6 most common methods of data collection. Answer: 1. tests - most
common method used in quantitative research // used to gather data on
intellectual processes, attitudes, personality, self-perceptions, aptitude,
and other characteristics of research participants. ***MOST COMMON
TYPE IS STANDARDIZED TESTS*** (multiple choices, true-false,
and matching)
2. questionnaires - research participant reads and records his or her own
answers in the spaces provided on the questionnaire
,3. interviews - rarely used in quantitative research, but could be possible
if handled correctly (PRIMARILY FOR QUALITATIVE
RESEARCHER) - if used in quantitative, must STANDARDIZE what is
being presented to respondents - expose each participant to the same
stimulus - use INTERVIEW PROTOCOL (data-collection instrument
that includes items, response categories, instructions and so forth) -
***interview protocol is similar to questionnaire***
4. focus groups
5. observation - PRIMARILY FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER -
rarely used in quantitative research but may be possible if handled
correctly.
6. constructed and secondary or existing data
⩥ quantitative observation. Answer: the standardization of observational
procedures in order to obtain reliable quantitative data, such as counts or
frequencies and percentages
requires the standardization of different aspects of observations:
1. WHO is observed - what kinds of people are to be studied, such as
teachers or students
,2. WHAT is observed - what variables are to be observed, such as time
on task or out-of-seat behavior
3. WHEN the observations are to take place - during the morning hour,
during break time
4. WHERE the observations are to be carried out - in the laboratory, in
the classroom, in the lunchroom, on the playground
5. HOW the observations are to be done - extensive training of observers
to use same procedures so high interrater reliability can be obtained.
⩥ 2 Types of Quantitative Research Methods. Answer: 1. experimental
research
2. non-experimental research
⩥ experimental research. Answer: manipulating variables in a controlled
environment to isolate the causal effects of a particular variable or set of
variables
*experimental and quasi-experimental*
, - experimental: to identify causal relationships because it allows
researchers to observe, under controlled conditions, the effects of
systematically changing one or more variables
**Researcher MANIPULATES the independent variable by actively
intervening in the world and then observes what happens (manipulation -
an intervention studied by an experimentor
**used to address causal research questions
⩥ non-experimental research. Answer: there is no manipulation of an
independent variable. There is also no random assignment to groups by
the researcher - as random assignment is only possible in the strongest
experimental designs
include:
- correlational (studies that look at relationships between variables)
- predictive (studies that examine prediction of future levels of variable)
- causal-comparative methods (studies that examine how different pre-
existing groups vary on a variable or variables)
