Medical-Surgical
Nursing
Exam 4 - Endocrine
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** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Questions with Verified Answer
** Latest Edition | Updated
,adrenal medulla produces? epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal cortex produces? corticosteroids, androgens, and mineralocorticoids
what regulates the adrenal cortex? ACTH
what regulates the adrenal medulla? sympathetic nervous system
Regulate electrolyte balance, mainly via the kidney Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Produced in the glomerulosa cells
Increase blood glucose concentration Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Produced by the fasciculata and reticularis cells
androstenedione and DHEA weak androgens produced by the adrenal gland
what are most hormones derived from? cholesterol
Anti-insulin metabolic effects --> Mobilize glucose and cortisol
fatty acids
Maintain vascular responsiveness --> Pressure effect of
catecholamines
Anti-inflammatory immune functions
what hormone?
what does CRH stimulate? release of ACTH
explain cortisol HPA axis Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the release of
ACTH from the anterior pituitary
ACTH stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal cortex
Cortisol exerts negative feedback by inhibiting the secretion of both CRH and
ACTH
Conserve Na+ in the extracellular fluid aldosterone
Promote K+ excretion
Main site of action: renal collecting duct
Mediated via the mineralocorticoid receptor
what stimulates aldosterone secretion? Renin-angiotensin system
short-term stress response created by catecholamines Increased cardiac output
(3) Bronchodilation
Elevated blood glucose concentration
,what does the hypothalamus connect to? (3) Output to the endocrine system
- via the connections with the pituitary gland
Influence parasympathetic outflow
- to the lateral horn of the spinal cord for sympathetic outflow
Output to the reticular formation and limbic system
what regulates body temperature and circadian rhythm? hypothalamus
what are the exocrine and endocrine hormones released Exocrine organ - Produces enzymes
by the pancreas? Chemically digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simple sugars, amino
acids, fatty acids, and glycerol
Endocrine organ - Pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)
Produce the hormones insulin and glucagon
what do alpha cells of pancreas release and what does it Secrete glucagon:
do? - Antagonizes the actions of insulin to increase blood glucose concentration
- Increases glucose production via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Secretion is inhibited by hyperglycemia, insulin, and somatostatin
what do beta cells of pancreas release and what does it Secrete insulin:
do? - Suppresses glucagon secretion
- Reduces glucose
- Rapidly increases cellular uptake of K+
- Inhibited by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and somatostatin
what do delta cells of pancreas release? somatostatin
functions of parathyroid hormone Homeostatic maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels
- Ensure proper functioning of the muscular and nervous systems
Increases bone resorption of calcium
- Increases blood calcium and phosphate concentration
Antagonist to calcitonin (secreted by the thyroid)
Increases the free plasma Ca2+ concentration parathyroid hormone
Decreases the plasma phosphate concentration
Stimulate bone resorption
- adds both Ca2+ and phosphate to plasma
Stimulated by a decreased plasma free Ca2+ and
increased phosphate concentration
Inhibited by vitamin d
Small organ within the brain with neurosecretory cells pineal gland
having axons which communicate with other parts of the
brain
Photoreceptive organ in primitive vertebrates
Secretes melatonin and helps synchronize day/night and
sleep cycles
Secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin posterior pituitary
Controls water balance in the body ADH (vasopressin)
Stimulated by increased extracellular fluid (ECF)
osmolarity and decreased blood volume
Stimulates uterine contractions during parturition oxytocin
Stimulates milk let down and ejection from the lactating
breast
Promotes maternal and social bonding behavior
, What does the anterior pituitary secrete? 6 peptide hormones: TSH, FSH, LH, GH, ACTH, and prolactin
Stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone GH
(GHRH)
Inhibited by somatostatin
Stimulated by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) TSH
Stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
Stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) LH and FSH
Sole non-tropin (does not control the release of another prolactin
hormone from a target gland)
Secretion is under negative control by dopamine
roles of GH Stimulates growth in children
Maintains lean body mass in adults
Acute anti-insulin metabolic effects
Acute metabolic stimuli
Stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in many tissues
what metabolic stimuli might be controlled by GH? Hypoglycemia
Increased serum arginine concentration
Ghrelin hunger signal
Temperature of ______°C is required for the testes to 34
produce sperm (3°C lower than core body temperature)
Leydig cells are stimulated by ___________ to release LH; testosterone
_________
Sertoli cells are stimulated by __________ to release FSH; inhibin
___________
Process through which the mature female gamete is Oogenesis
formed
Days 1-14 follicular phase
Sharp decrease in progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin
Increased FSH
Days 13-15 ovulatory phase
Triggered by LH surge
Rapid increase in estrogen
Days 15-28 luteal phase
Major secretion of progesterone
Secretion of estrogen and inhibin
what hormones are essential for early pregnancy? progesterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
Nursing
Exam 4 - Endocrine
** 100% Guaranteed Pass
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Questions with Verified Answer
** Latest Edition | Updated
,adrenal medulla produces? epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal cortex produces? corticosteroids, androgens, and mineralocorticoids
what regulates the adrenal cortex? ACTH
what regulates the adrenal medulla? sympathetic nervous system
Regulate electrolyte balance, mainly via the kidney Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Produced in the glomerulosa cells
Increase blood glucose concentration Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Produced by the fasciculata and reticularis cells
androstenedione and DHEA weak androgens produced by the adrenal gland
what are most hormones derived from? cholesterol
Anti-insulin metabolic effects --> Mobilize glucose and cortisol
fatty acids
Maintain vascular responsiveness --> Pressure effect of
catecholamines
Anti-inflammatory immune functions
what hormone?
what does CRH stimulate? release of ACTH
explain cortisol HPA axis Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the release of
ACTH from the anterior pituitary
ACTH stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal cortex
Cortisol exerts negative feedback by inhibiting the secretion of both CRH and
ACTH
Conserve Na+ in the extracellular fluid aldosterone
Promote K+ excretion
Main site of action: renal collecting duct
Mediated via the mineralocorticoid receptor
what stimulates aldosterone secretion? Renin-angiotensin system
short-term stress response created by catecholamines Increased cardiac output
(3) Bronchodilation
Elevated blood glucose concentration
,what does the hypothalamus connect to? (3) Output to the endocrine system
- via the connections with the pituitary gland
Influence parasympathetic outflow
- to the lateral horn of the spinal cord for sympathetic outflow
Output to the reticular formation and limbic system
what regulates body temperature and circadian rhythm? hypothalamus
what are the exocrine and endocrine hormones released Exocrine organ - Produces enzymes
by the pancreas? Chemically digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simple sugars, amino
acids, fatty acids, and glycerol
Endocrine organ - Pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)
Produce the hormones insulin and glucagon
what do alpha cells of pancreas release and what does it Secrete glucagon:
do? - Antagonizes the actions of insulin to increase blood glucose concentration
- Increases glucose production via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Secretion is inhibited by hyperglycemia, insulin, and somatostatin
what do beta cells of pancreas release and what does it Secrete insulin:
do? - Suppresses glucagon secretion
- Reduces glucose
- Rapidly increases cellular uptake of K+
- Inhibited by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and somatostatin
what do delta cells of pancreas release? somatostatin
functions of parathyroid hormone Homeostatic maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels
- Ensure proper functioning of the muscular and nervous systems
Increases bone resorption of calcium
- Increases blood calcium and phosphate concentration
Antagonist to calcitonin (secreted by the thyroid)
Increases the free plasma Ca2+ concentration parathyroid hormone
Decreases the plasma phosphate concentration
Stimulate bone resorption
- adds both Ca2+ and phosphate to plasma
Stimulated by a decreased plasma free Ca2+ and
increased phosphate concentration
Inhibited by vitamin d
Small organ within the brain with neurosecretory cells pineal gland
having axons which communicate with other parts of the
brain
Photoreceptive organ in primitive vertebrates
Secretes melatonin and helps synchronize day/night and
sleep cycles
Secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin posterior pituitary
Controls water balance in the body ADH (vasopressin)
Stimulated by increased extracellular fluid (ECF)
osmolarity and decreased blood volume
Stimulates uterine contractions during parturition oxytocin
Stimulates milk let down and ejection from the lactating
breast
Promotes maternal and social bonding behavior
, What does the anterior pituitary secrete? 6 peptide hormones: TSH, FSH, LH, GH, ACTH, and prolactin
Stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone GH
(GHRH)
Inhibited by somatostatin
Stimulated by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) TSH
Stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
Stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) LH and FSH
Sole non-tropin (does not control the release of another prolactin
hormone from a target gland)
Secretion is under negative control by dopamine
roles of GH Stimulates growth in children
Maintains lean body mass in adults
Acute anti-insulin metabolic effects
Acute metabolic stimuli
Stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in many tissues
what metabolic stimuli might be controlled by GH? Hypoglycemia
Increased serum arginine concentration
Ghrelin hunger signal
Temperature of ______°C is required for the testes to 34
produce sperm (3°C lower than core body temperature)
Leydig cells are stimulated by ___________ to release LH; testosterone
_________
Sertoli cells are stimulated by __________ to release FSH; inhibin
___________
Process through which the mature female gamete is Oogenesis
formed
Days 1-14 follicular phase
Sharp decrease in progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin
Increased FSH
Days 13-15 ovulatory phase
Triggered by LH surge
Rapid increase in estrogen
Days 15-28 luteal phase
Major secretion of progesterone
Secretion of estrogen and inhibin
what hormones are essential for early pregnancy? progesterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
