Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 3 Exam –
McGraw Hill Education – 2026/2027 Edition – Comprehensive
Study Guide with Detailed Questions & Answers, Key
Concepts, Practice Review, and Exam Preparation Materials
Set 1: Cell Structure & Organelles
1. What is the basic structural unit of the body?
• A) Tissue
• B) Organ
• C) Organelle
• D) Cell
• Answer: D
• Rationale: The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all
living organisms . Tissues, organs, and organelles are composed of cells.
2. Two major parts of a cell are the nucleus and the ____________________.
• A) Membrane
• B) Organelle
• C) Reticulum
• D) Cytoplasm
• Answer: D
• Rationale: The cytoplasm is all the material between the cell membrane
and the nucleus, containing organelles and the cytosol .
3. A ribosome is an example of a _______________.
• A) Nuclear membrane
• B) Organelle
• C) Inclusion
, • D) Protein
• Answer: B
• Rationale: Organelles are tiny, specialized structures within the cytoplasm
that perform specific functions to maintain cell life, and ribosomes are
responsible for protein synthesis .
4. The ______________ contains enzymes that are associated with protein
synthesis.
• A) Mitochondrion
• B) Ribosome
• C) Lysosome
• D) Golgi body
• Answer: B
• Rationale: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, and they contain
enzymes (peptidyl transferase) that catalyze peptide bond formation
between amino acids .
5. The cristae are the inner portions of the _____________________.
• A) Mitochondria
• B) Ribosome
• C) Inclusion bodies
• D) Centrosome
• Answer: A
• Rationale: Cristae are folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that
increase the surface area for ATP production during aerobic respiration .
6. The ________________ is the source of most of the cellular energy.
• A) Ribosome
• B) Cytosol
, • C) Mitochondrion
• D) Lysosome
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses of the cell"
because they produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through aerobic
respiration .
7. The __________________ proteins in a membrane function as enzymes.
• A) Peripheral
• B) Structural
• C) Integral
• D) Rod-like
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Integral proteins are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer
and can function as enzymes, channels, or carriers .
8. Which organelle consists of microtubules and functions both in distributing
chromosomes during cell division and in forming portions of cilia and flagella?
• A) Lysosome
• B) Mitochondria
• C) Vesicle
• D) Centrosome
• Answer: D
• Rationale: The centrosome is a microtubule-organizing center that plays a
crucial role in cell division and forming cilia/flagella .
9. The protein actin is found in _______________, which results in some type of
movement or contraction.
• A) Golgi bodies
, • B) Microfilaments
• C) Microtubules
• D) Cilia
• Answer: B
• Rationale: Microfilaments are composed of actin and myosin proteins and
are involved in muscle contraction and other cellular movements .
10. ____________ provide(s) both structural support and the enzymes needed
to make proteins from amino acid building blocks.
• A) Peroxisomes
• B) Golgi apparatus
• C) Ribosomes
• D) Mitochondria
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins. They
are the sites of protein synthesis, where amino acids are linked together .
11. The _____________ functions to package molecules into vesicles that can be
transported out of a cell.
• A) Ribosome
• B) Nucleus
• C) Golgi apparatus
• D) Centriole apparatus
• Answer: C
• Rationale: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and
lipids into secretory vesicles for transport within or out of the cell .
12. In the liver, the _________ may play a role in producing the enzymes that
help detoxify drugs.
McGraw Hill Education – 2026/2027 Edition – Comprehensive
Study Guide with Detailed Questions & Answers, Key
Concepts, Practice Review, and Exam Preparation Materials
Set 1: Cell Structure & Organelles
1. What is the basic structural unit of the body?
• A) Tissue
• B) Organ
• C) Organelle
• D) Cell
• Answer: D
• Rationale: The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all
living organisms . Tissues, organs, and organelles are composed of cells.
2. Two major parts of a cell are the nucleus and the ____________________.
• A) Membrane
• B) Organelle
• C) Reticulum
• D) Cytoplasm
• Answer: D
• Rationale: The cytoplasm is all the material between the cell membrane
and the nucleus, containing organelles and the cytosol .
3. A ribosome is an example of a _______________.
• A) Nuclear membrane
• B) Organelle
• C) Inclusion
, • D) Protein
• Answer: B
• Rationale: Organelles are tiny, specialized structures within the cytoplasm
that perform specific functions to maintain cell life, and ribosomes are
responsible for protein synthesis .
4. The ______________ contains enzymes that are associated with protein
synthesis.
• A) Mitochondrion
• B) Ribosome
• C) Lysosome
• D) Golgi body
• Answer: B
• Rationale: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, and they contain
enzymes (peptidyl transferase) that catalyze peptide bond formation
between amino acids .
5. The cristae are the inner portions of the _____________________.
• A) Mitochondria
• B) Ribosome
• C) Inclusion bodies
• D) Centrosome
• Answer: A
• Rationale: Cristae are folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that
increase the surface area for ATP production during aerobic respiration .
6. The ________________ is the source of most of the cellular energy.
• A) Ribosome
• B) Cytosol
, • C) Mitochondrion
• D) Lysosome
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses of the cell"
because they produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through aerobic
respiration .
7. The __________________ proteins in a membrane function as enzymes.
• A) Peripheral
• B) Structural
• C) Integral
• D) Rod-like
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Integral proteins are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer
and can function as enzymes, channels, or carriers .
8. Which organelle consists of microtubules and functions both in distributing
chromosomes during cell division and in forming portions of cilia and flagella?
• A) Lysosome
• B) Mitochondria
• C) Vesicle
• D) Centrosome
• Answer: D
• Rationale: The centrosome is a microtubule-organizing center that plays a
crucial role in cell division and forming cilia/flagella .
9. The protein actin is found in _______________, which results in some type of
movement or contraction.
• A) Golgi bodies
, • B) Microfilaments
• C) Microtubules
• D) Cilia
• Answer: B
• Rationale: Microfilaments are composed of actin and myosin proteins and
are involved in muscle contraction and other cellular movements .
10. ____________ provide(s) both structural support and the enzymes needed
to make proteins from amino acid building blocks.
• A) Peroxisomes
• B) Golgi apparatus
• C) Ribosomes
• D) Mitochondria
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins. They
are the sites of protein synthesis, where amino acids are linked together .
11. The _____________ functions to package molecules into vesicles that can be
transported out of a cell.
• A) Ribosome
• B) Nucleus
• C) Golgi apparatus
• D) Centriole apparatus
• Answer: C
• Rationale: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and
lipids into secretory vesicles for transport within or out of the cell .
12. In the liver, the _________ may play a role in producing the enzymes that
help detoxify drugs.
