AMERICAN
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT POLITICAL
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
INSTRUCTOR
INSTRUCTOR MANUAL COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
MANUAL COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Development and Institutional Change
12th Edition by Cal Jillson, All Chapters 1 - 16
, 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
, 3
Chapter 1
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster
human excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks
and Romans believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law.
Furthermore, valuesof equality and order would be served through a society
based upon the rule oflaw to provide for the common good. In the Middle
Ages, government was largely used to facilitate religion and maintained the
need for the individual to live a proper life in the service of God. The role of
government changed in the early sixteenth century by downplaying the role
of religion while alternatively promoting the role of limited government to
protect private property and individual rights.
Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
A2 According to Plato the philosopher-king’s wisdom and intellect would
promote order, stability and justice. Yet, Aristotle takes a more realistic view
of Athenian society by advocating the best form of government as a polity,
which combined oligarchic and democratic elements to produce political
stability. The Romans combined monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic
principles as a mixed government within representative bodies like the Senate
and the Assembly in order to champion the causes of both the rich and the
poor. Government in theMiddle Ages was determined through divine right,
whereby a monarch or Pope was ordained by God to rule. Hence, wisdom
and virtue rested within these few individuals who governed to promote
religious life and protect the religious establishment. The Renaissance,
Protestant Reformation, and Enlightenment Periods shifted the role of
government from upholding religious doctrine to secular concerns, such as
protecting inalienable rights, including private property, and promoting
commerce. In turn, Enlightenment political
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
, 4
philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as
ameans to provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
Q3 What lessons about government did colonial Americans draw from the history
ofancient Greece and Rome?
A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good
government would decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions of the masses
needed to be quelled by more aristocratic elements. With this problem in
mind, the Framers ofthe U.S. Constitution referenced the institutional design of
the Roman republic adhered to the tradition of mixed government initially
expounded by Aristotle and the Romans. This was maintained in the indirect
selection of both the Senateand the presidency within the Constitution.
Aristotle also advocated mixing aristocratic and democratic elements in a
governing structure called a polity. In effect, this governmental design
allowed the few and the many to participate in the politics providing an
orderly society where the poor should be able to select government officials
who were held accountable. This was also made manifest inthe Constitution
with its aristocratic-like Senate and the more democratic House of
Representatives. Thus the American republic’s Constitution established
institutional powers to govern according to the rule of law. While the Framers
rejected the religious hierarchy of the Middle Ages, they appealed to
inalienable rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the writings of
John Locke, in which a just government and society could not be impeded.
Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave their homelands to settle in America?
A4 Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and
civil unrest after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic
opportunities. Colonists enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large
geographical area where freedom of religion and economic opportunity
flourished. Also, their heterogeneous social composition as well as continual
promotion of ideals, such as equality and tolerance, tended to promote
political freedom at the same time that social expansion of the population
was occurring.
Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, and did they approve it?
A5 The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governing
authority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who
should rule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed that the
elite (well- educated, land owners) should occupy positions of leadership.
Thus, an aristocratic element within government was necessary to protect
against thethreat of mob rule historically associated with democracy.
Fundamentally, the idea of republicanism was promoted as an ideal at a
higher level than democracy. This was made most manifest in the tendency
to prefer mixed
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT POLITICAL
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
INSTRUCTOR
INSTRUCTOR MANUAL COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
MANUAL COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Development and Institutional Change
12th Edition by Cal Jillson, All Chapters 1 - 16
, 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
, 3
Chapter 1
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster
human excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks
and Romans believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law.
Furthermore, valuesof equality and order would be served through a society
based upon the rule oflaw to provide for the common good. In the Middle
Ages, government was largely used to facilitate religion and maintained the
need for the individual to live a proper life in the service of God. The role of
government changed in the early sixteenth century by downplaying the role
of religion while alternatively promoting the role of limited government to
protect private property and individual rights.
Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
A2 According to Plato the philosopher-king’s wisdom and intellect would
promote order, stability and justice. Yet, Aristotle takes a more realistic view
of Athenian society by advocating the best form of government as a polity,
which combined oligarchic and democratic elements to produce political
stability. The Romans combined monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic
principles as a mixed government within representative bodies like the Senate
and the Assembly in order to champion the causes of both the rich and the
poor. Government in theMiddle Ages was determined through divine right,
whereby a monarch or Pope was ordained by God to rule. Hence, wisdom
and virtue rested within these few individuals who governed to promote
religious life and protect the religious establishment. The Renaissance,
Protestant Reformation, and Enlightenment Periods shifted the role of
government from upholding religious doctrine to secular concerns, such as
protecting inalienable rights, including private property, and promoting
commerce. In turn, Enlightenment political
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
, 4
philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as
ameans to provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
Q3 What lessons about government did colonial Americans draw from the history
ofancient Greece and Rome?
A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good
government would decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions of the masses
needed to be quelled by more aristocratic elements. With this problem in
mind, the Framers ofthe U.S. Constitution referenced the institutional design of
the Roman republic adhered to the tradition of mixed government initially
expounded by Aristotle and the Romans. This was maintained in the indirect
selection of both the Senateand the presidency within the Constitution.
Aristotle also advocated mixing aristocratic and democratic elements in a
governing structure called a polity. In effect, this governmental design
allowed the few and the many to participate in the politics providing an
orderly society where the poor should be able to select government officials
who were held accountable. This was also made manifest inthe Constitution
with its aristocratic-like Senate and the more democratic House of
Representatives. Thus the American republic’s Constitution established
institutional powers to govern according to the rule of law. While the Framers
rejected the religious hierarchy of the Middle Ages, they appealed to
inalienable rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the writings of
John Locke, in which a just government and society could not be impeded.
Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave their homelands to settle in America?
A4 Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and
civil unrest after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic
opportunities. Colonists enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large
geographical area where freedom of religion and economic opportunity
flourished. Also, their heterogeneous social composition as well as continual
promotion of ideals, such as equality and tolerance, tended to promote
political freedom at the same time that social expansion of the population
was occurring.
Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, and did they approve it?
A5 The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governing
authority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who
should rule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed that the
elite (well- educated, land owners) should occupy positions of leadership.
Thus, an aristocratic element within government was necessary to protect
against thethreat of mob rule historically associated with democracy.
Fundamentally, the idea of republicanism was promoted as an ideal at a
higher level than democracy. This was made most manifest in the tendency
to prefer mixed
