PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
NURS 231/BIOD 331 FINAL EXAM
MODULE 1-10 EXAMS| ALL VERSIONS
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS!!
1. A patient presents with cellular swelling due to hypoxia. Which cellular
mechanism is primarily responsible?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Sodium-potassium pump failure
C. Enhanced lysosomal activity
D. Increased protein synthesis
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia decreases ATP, impairing the sodium-potassium pump.
Sodium accumulates intracellularly, water follows, leading to cellular swelling.
2. Which type of cellular adaptation is seen in a patient with chronic hypertension?
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypertension causes increased workload on cardiac myocytes,
leading to hyperplasia (increase in cell number) or hypertrophy (increase in cell
size).
,3. A nurse identifies that a patient has intracellular accumulation of abnormal
proteins in the liver. What is the likely cause?
A. Lysosomal enzyme deficiency
B. Hypoxia
C. Viral infection
D. Oxidative stress
Answer: A
Rationale: Lysosomal enzyme deficiencies prevent proper protein degradation,
causing intracellular protein accumulation.
4. Which statement accurately describes apoptosis?
A. It causes an inflammatory response.
B. It is a programmed form of cell death.
C. It is always pathological.
D. It results in cellular swelling.
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is controlled programmed cell death without inducing
inflammation.
5. Which type of cellular injury is primarily caused by free radicals?
A. Hypoxic injury
B. Chemical injury
C. Oxidative stress
D. Nutritional deficiency
Answer: C
Rationale: Free radicals cause oxidative stress by damaging cell membranes,
proteins, and DNA.
6. A patient has a BRCA1 mutation. What is the most appropriate statement?
A. The patient is guaranteed to develop breast cancer.
B. The patient has an increased risk for certain cancers.
C. The patient cannot pass the mutation to offspring.
D. The mutation only affects males.
,Answer: B
Rationale: BRCA1 mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers but
do not guarantee cancer development.
7. Which genetic mutation leads to sickle cell disease?
A. Nonsense mutation
B. Missense mutation
C. Frameshift mutation
D. Silent mutation
Answer: B
Rationale: Sickle cell disease results from a missense mutation in the β-globin
gene, changing glutamic acid to valine.
8. Dysplasia is best described as:
A. Abnormal cell size
B. Disorderly cell growth
C. Reversible cell injury
D. Cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal and disorderly proliferation of cells, often
precancerous.
9. A patient presents with swelling, redness, heat, and pain at a wound site. What
type of inflammation is this?
A. Chronic inflammation
B. Acute inflammation
C. Autoimmune reaction
D. Granulomatous inflammation
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute inflammation manifests with redness, heat, swelling, and pain
due to vasodilation and increased permeability.
, 10. Which cells are first responders during acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Neutrophils
C. Monocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first to migrate to the site of acute inflammation.
11. A patient develops systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which statement is
correct?
A. SLE is caused by bacterial infection.
B. SLE is an autoimmune disorder.
C. SLE primarily affects liver cells.
D. SLE is an acute hypersensitivity reaction only.
Answer: B
Rationale: SLE is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks self-
antigens, causing systemic inflammation.
12. Chronic inflammation can lead to:
A. Tissue regeneration without scarring
B. Granuloma formation and fibrosis
C. Immediate cell death
D. Only localized edema
Answer: B
Rationale: Persistent inflammation can cause granuloma formation and fibrotic
tissue changes.
13. A patient presents with pallor, fatigue, and low hemoglobin. Lab reveals
microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Most likely cause:
A. Vitamin B12 deficiency
B. Iron deficiency
C. Aplastic anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
NURS 231/BIOD 331 FINAL EXAM
MODULE 1-10 EXAMS| ALL VERSIONS
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS!!
1. A patient presents with cellular swelling due to hypoxia. Which cellular
mechanism is primarily responsible?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Sodium-potassium pump failure
C. Enhanced lysosomal activity
D. Increased protein synthesis
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia decreases ATP, impairing the sodium-potassium pump.
Sodium accumulates intracellularly, water follows, leading to cellular swelling.
2. Which type of cellular adaptation is seen in a patient with chronic hypertension?
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypertension causes increased workload on cardiac myocytes,
leading to hyperplasia (increase in cell number) or hypertrophy (increase in cell
size).
,3. A nurse identifies that a patient has intracellular accumulation of abnormal
proteins in the liver. What is the likely cause?
A. Lysosomal enzyme deficiency
B. Hypoxia
C. Viral infection
D. Oxidative stress
Answer: A
Rationale: Lysosomal enzyme deficiencies prevent proper protein degradation,
causing intracellular protein accumulation.
4. Which statement accurately describes apoptosis?
A. It causes an inflammatory response.
B. It is a programmed form of cell death.
C. It is always pathological.
D. It results in cellular swelling.
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is controlled programmed cell death without inducing
inflammation.
5. Which type of cellular injury is primarily caused by free radicals?
A. Hypoxic injury
B. Chemical injury
C. Oxidative stress
D. Nutritional deficiency
Answer: C
Rationale: Free radicals cause oxidative stress by damaging cell membranes,
proteins, and DNA.
6. A patient has a BRCA1 mutation. What is the most appropriate statement?
A. The patient is guaranteed to develop breast cancer.
B. The patient has an increased risk for certain cancers.
C. The patient cannot pass the mutation to offspring.
D. The mutation only affects males.
,Answer: B
Rationale: BRCA1 mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers but
do not guarantee cancer development.
7. Which genetic mutation leads to sickle cell disease?
A. Nonsense mutation
B. Missense mutation
C. Frameshift mutation
D. Silent mutation
Answer: B
Rationale: Sickle cell disease results from a missense mutation in the β-globin
gene, changing glutamic acid to valine.
8. Dysplasia is best described as:
A. Abnormal cell size
B. Disorderly cell growth
C. Reversible cell injury
D. Cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal and disorderly proliferation of cells, often
precancerous.
9. A patient presents with swelling, redness, heat, and pain at a wound site. What
type of inflammation is this?
A. Chronic inflammation
B. Acute inflammation
C. Autoimmune reaction
D. Granulomatous inflammation
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute inflammation manifests with redness, heat, swelling, and pain
due to vasodilation and increased permeability.
, 10. Which cells are first responders during acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Neutrophils
C. Monocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first to migrate to the site of acute inflammation.
11. A patient develops systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which statement is
correct?
A. SLE is caused by bacterial infection.
B. SLE is an autoimmune disorder.
C. SLE primarily affects liver cells.
D. SLE is an acute hypersensitivity reaction only.
Answer: B
Rationale: SLE is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks self-
antigens, causing systemic inflammation.
12. Chronic inflammation can lead to:
A. Tissue regeneration without scarring
B. Granuloma formation and fibrosis
C. Immediate cell death
D. Only localized edema
Answer: B
Rationale: Persistent inflammation can cause granuloma formation and fibrotic
tissue changes.
13. A patient presents with pallor, fatigue, and low hemoglobin. Lab reveals
microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Most likely cause:
A. Vitamin B12 deficiency
B. Iron deficiency
C. Aplastic anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
