CETP LATEST 2026 EXAM MANUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Normal Tympanogram (type A) - ✔✔-150 to +150 daPa
✔✔Shallow Tympanogram - ✔✔A(s), shallow, reduced compliance, otosclerosis
✔✔Deep tympanogram - ✔✔A(d) deep, hypercompliant, ossicular chain disconnection
✔✔Flat tympanogram - ✔✔B, perforation, PE tubes
✔✔Negative Tympanogram - ✔✔C negative pressure, retracted TM, ETD
✔✔serous otitis media - ✔✔a fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis
media or can be caused by obstruction of the Eustachian tube, PE tubes
✔✔acute otitis media - ✔✔usually associated with an upper respiratory infection and is
most commonly seen in young children, quick buildup of fluid and pus, may cause TM
rupture, myringotomy (slit in TM to relieve pressure)
✔✔chronic otitis media - ✔✔repeated episodes of acute otitis media causing irreversible
tissue damage and persistent tympanic membrane perforation, may have foul smelling
discharge, myringoplasty for TM repair
✔✔SNHL causes - ✔✔genetic, otoxic drugs, STORCH, noise induced, presbycusis,
acoustic neuroma
✔✔7 swallow events - ✔✔-posterior lingual propulsion
-triggering the swallow
-VP closure
-laryngeal vestibule closure (hyolaryngeal elevation, epiglottic inversion, arytenoid
adduction, aryepiglottic fold bunching)
-pharyngeal constriction (horizontal- stripping wave, vertical- shortens and widens the
pharynx)
-UES opening
✔✔sensitivity - ✔✔test's ability to identify a positive result
✔✔specificity - ✔✔test's ability to identify a negative result
✔✔predictive validity (aka criterion validity) - ✔✔accuracy with which a test predicts
future performance on a related task (GRE--> GPA)
, ✔✔concurrent validty - ✔✔degree to which new measure correlates with established
measure
✔✔construct validity - ✔✔degree to which measure are consistent with theoretical
concepts (language test should meet the theory that as kids get older their language
skills improve)
✔✔content validity - ✔✔The degree to which the content of a test is representative of
the domain it's supposed to cover. (samples the full range of skills its supposed to)
✔✔single subject design - ✔✔single subject, not necessarily one participant, often
multiple but data is analyzed individually, no group averages
ABA, ABAB, multiple baselines
✔✔ABA design - ✔✔baseline (dependent variable are base-rated)
treatment (independent variable is applied)
baseline (treatment withdrawn, skills/dependent variable measured)
✔✔indepdent variable - ✔✔what the scientist changes in an experiment
✔✔dependent variable - ✔✔The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the
research is interested.
✔✔internal validity - ✔✔degree to which data in a study reflects a true cause-effect
relationship. strong internal validity: dependent variable only affected by independent
variable, no confounding variables
✔✔threats to internal validity - ✔✔-History (relevant events outside of the experiment
occur, often in longitudinal studies; someone dies, gets PE tubes)
-Maturation (get older and better and change naturally)
-Testing (practice effects)
-Instrumentation (instrument errors)
-Regression towards the mean (extreme high or low goes to the average, clients may
seek help when the problem is the worst)
-Self Selection bias
-Attrition (losing participants)
✔✔external validity - ✔✔extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world
settings
✔✔threats to external validity - ✔✔-participant selection
-small sample size
-Hawthorne effect (people act different when they know they are being studied)
-experimental setting very controlled
-practice effects, pre/post testing causing sensitization
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Normal Tympanogram (type A) - ✔✔-150 to +150 daPa
✔✔Shallow Tympanogram - ✔✔A(s), shallow, reduced compliance, otosclerosis
✔✔Deep tympanogram - ✔✔A(d) deep, hypercompliant, ossicular chain disconnection
✔✔Flat tympanogram - ✔✔B, perforation, PE tubes
✔✔Negative Tympanogram - ✔✔C negative pressure, retracted TM, ETD
✔✔serous otitis media - ✔✔a fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis
media or can be caused by obstruction of the Eustachian tube, PE tubes
✔✔acute otitis media - ✔✔usually associated with an upper respiratory infection and is
most commonly seen in young children, quick buildup of fluid and pus, may cause TM
rupture, myringotomy (slit in TM to relieve pressure)
✔✔chronic otitis media - ✔✔repeated episodes of acute otitis media causing irreversible
tissue damage and persistent tympanic membrane perforation, may have foul smelling
discharge, myringoplasty for TM repair
✔✔SNHL causes - ✔✔genetic, otoxic drugs, STORCH, noise induced, presbycusis,
acoustic neuroma
✔✔7 swallow events - ✔✔-posterior lingual propulsion
-triggering the swallow
-VP closure
-laryngeal vestibule closure (hyolaryngeal elevation, epiglottic inversion, arytenoid
adduction, aryepiglottic fold bunching)
-pharyngeal constriction (horizontal- stripping wave, vertical- shortens and widens the
pharynx)
-UES opening
✔✔sensitivity - ✔✔test's ability to identify a positive result
✔✔specificity - ✔✔test's ability to identify a negative result
✔✔predictive validity (aka criterion validity) - ✔✔accuracy with which a test predicts
future performance on a related task (GRE--> GPA)
, ✔✔concurrent validty - ✔✔degree to which new measure correlates with established
measure
✔✔construct validity - ✔✔degree to which measure are consistent with theoretical
concepts (language test should meet the theory that as kids get older their language
skills improve)
✔✔content validity - ✔✔The degree to which the content of a test is representative of
the domain it's supposed to cover. (samples the full range of skills its supposed to)
✔✔single subject design - ✔✔single subject, not necessarily one participant, often
multiple but data is analyzed individually, no group averages
ABA, ABAB, multiple baselines
✔✔ABA design - ✔✔baseline (dependent variable are base-rated)
treatment (independent variable is applied)
baseline (treatment withdrawn, skills/dependent variable measured)
✔✔indepdent variable - ✔✔what the scientist changes in an experiment
✔✔dependent variable - ✔✔The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the
research is interested.
✔✔internal validity - ✔✔degree to which data in a study reflects a true cause-effect
relationship. strong internal validity: dependent variable only affected by independent
variable, no confounding variables
✔✔threats to internal validity - ✔✔-History (relevant events outside of the experiment
occur, often in longitudinal studies; someone dies, gets PE tubes)
-Maturation (get older and better and change naturally)
-Testing (practice effects)
-Instrumentation (instrument errors)
-Regression towards the mean (extreme high or low goes to the average, clients may
seek help when the problem is the worst)
-Self Selection bias
-Attrition (losing participants)
✔✔external validity - ✔✔extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world
settings
✔✔threats to external validity - ✔✔-participant selection
-small sample size
-Hawthorne effect (people act different when they know they are being studied)
-experimental setting very controlled
-practice effects, pre/post testing causing sensitization
