ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM WITH DETAILED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
(GUARANTEED PASS!!) 2026
Pathogenesis - answer-encompasses when the disease process first begins to the point
when the disease presents itself (goal of study is to prevent disease and facilitate early
diagnosis/intervention
-Communication
-Respiration
-Reproduction
-Ingestion
-Transportation
-Secretion - answer-What are the 6 functions of a cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-Cellular component: a complex network of tubules,
producing proteins and fats, important in the regulation of ions within the cells
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-Cellular component: synthesis of lipids,
lipoproteins, and steroid hormones, regulation of intracellular calcium
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-Cellular component: synthesis of proteins via
bound ribosomes, production of lysosomal enzymes (acid hydrolases)
Golgi Apparatus - answer-Cellular component: membranous structure, prepares
substances produced by the ER for secretion out of the cell
, Lysosome - answer-Cellular component: small sacs surrounded by membrane, digests
cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes, important in the metabolism of particular
substances
Perixosomes - answer-Cellular component: membrane-enclosed sacs, contains
enzymes called oxidases that neutralize oxygen free radicals, promotes cell survival by
neutralizing harmful substances potentially damaging to the cell
Proteasomes - answer-Cellular component: large organelles that recognize abnormally
folded/formed proteins, involved in proteolysis (breakdown of proteins)
Mitochondria - answer-Cellular component: site of aerobic cellular respiration,
contains the cytochrome enyzmes of terminal electron transport necessary for
production of ATP
1. Passive transport (diffusion [facilitated: glucose] and osmosis)
2. Active transport (Na out of the cell using Na/K pump) - answer-Identify the two forms
of cellular transportation and examples for each (2)(1)
1. Within WBC
2. Within platelets
3. Within endothelial or damaged tissue cells - answer-Identify the 3 cell-derived
inflammatory mediators
1. Mast cells (leukocytes/WBC): breaks apart and releases inflammatory mediators in
the form of extracellular granules
2. Cytokines: regulates inflammation
3. Histamine: vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - answer-Identify the 3
inflammatory mediators found within WBC (cell-derived) and the functions of each
1. Serotonin: causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, allowing cells of
healing to arrive quickly to site of injury
MIDTERM WITH DETAILED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
(GUARANTEED PASS!!) 2026
Pathogenesis - answer-encompasses when the disease process first begins to the point
when the disease presents itself (goal of study is to prevent disease and facilitate early
diagnosis/intervention
-Communication
-Respiration
-Reproduction
-Ingestion
-Transportation
-Secretion - answer-What are the 6 functions of a cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-Cellular component: a complex network of tubules,
producing proteins and fats, important in the regulation of ions within the cells
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-Cellular component: synthesis of lipids,
lipoproteins, and steroid hormones, regulation of intracellular calcium
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-Cellular component: synthesis of proteins via
bound ribosomes, production of lysosomal enzymes (acid hydrolases)
Golgi Apparatus - answer-Cellular component: membranous structure, prepares
substances produced by the ER for secretion out of the cell
, Lysosome - answer-Cellular component: small sacs surrounded by membrane, digests
cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes, important in the metabolism of particular
substances
Perixosomes - answer-Cellular component: membrane-enclosed sacs, contains
enzymes called oxidases that neutralize oxygen free radicals, promotes cell survival by
neutralizing harmful substances potentially damaging to the cell
Proteasomes - answer-Cellular component: large organelles that recognize abnormally
folded/formed proteins, involved in proteolysis (breakdown of proteins)
Mitochondria - answer-Cellular component: site of aerobic cellular respiration,
contains the cytochrome enyzmes of terminal electron transport necessary for
production of ATP
1. Passive transport (diffusion [facilitated: glucose] and osmosis)
2. Active transport (Na out of the cell using Na/K pump) - answer-Identify the two forms
of cellular transportation and examples for each (2)(1)
1. Within WBC
2. Within platelets
3. Within endothelial or damaged tissue cells - answer-Identify the 3 cell-derived
inflammatory mediators
1. Mast cells (leukocytes/WBC): breaks apart and releases inflammatory mediators in
the form of extracellular granules
2. Cytokines: regulates inflammation
3. Histamine: vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - answer-Identify the 3
inflammatory mediators found within WBC (cell-derived) and the functions of each
1. Serotonin: causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, allowing cells of
healing to arrive quickly to site of injury
