CNSL 503 Final Exam
Comprehensive Questions
(Frequently Tested) with
Verified Answers 2026
True of False: Statistics is used to prove claims. - ANSWER ✔✔False
What are Variables? - ANSWER ✔✔Variables are measurable
characteristics that can vary in value.
My answer: Variables are different types of data in an experiment (used
to classify the type of data being collected)
,What type of scale is used when labeling or using categories? -
ANSWER ✔✔This would be qualitative data and the SCALE would
be nominal! Ex: blood type, college majors, room numbers
True or false: it is generally feasible to collect data from every member of
a population - ANSWER ✔✔FALSE! unless the target of a particular
research study is comprised of a small population, it is usually not
practical or sensible to attempt to reach every member within a
population
Which of the following are examples of ordinal variables? Select all that
apply.
- Shirt sizes
- college major
- places in a marathon (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
- Temperature - ANSWER ✔✔-shirt sizes, places in a marathon
Explanation: ordinal is used for qualitative variables and includes ranking
in size or measure (does not indicate how much the data differ)
When a variable can contain negative values, what type of scale is most
appropriate? Why? - ANSWER ✔✔An interval scale because
,variables containing negative values do not have an absolute zero. Note:
this is quantitative data
When is it most appropriate to use a ratio scale? - ANSWER ✔✔A
ratio scale is used when a variable has an absolute zero (Ex: height,
weight, exam scores, GPA)
Note: this is quantitative data
True or false: statistics are used to communicate results but can be used
to mislead individuals - ANSWER ✔✔TRUE!
Provide an example of quantitative variable and an example of a
qualitative variable - ANSWER ✔✔Quantitative Ex: test scores,
reaction time, error number, vital signs, temperature
Qualitative Ex: sex, college major, eye color, blood type, shirt size
How are sample and population related? - ANSWER ✔✔A population
includes every member within a particular group, whereas a sample is a
smaller subset of the given population (used to represent the whole
population)
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, True or false: discrete variables are counted as whole numbers -
ANSWER ✔✔TRUE! discrete variables are quantitative variables that
can be organized into separate categories or counted using whole
numbers. Ex: number of patients in a hospital, pets in a home
_________ statistics involves analyses that provide a way to summarize
and describe data, whereas _________ statistics are performed for
researchers to make inferences and generalizations about populations
based on sample data. - ANSWER ✔✔Answer: descriptive; inferential
Explanation: descriptive statistics involve calcluations like mean,
median, mode, standard deviation, variance, and range. Inferential
statistics involve calculations such as those use for hypothesis testing
(z-scorem, t-test, ANOVA, correctional analyses).
Which of the following is NOT involved in the process of sampling?
- identify goals
- collect data
- make conclusions
- obtain resources - ANSWER ✔✔Answer: obtain resources
Explanation: the steps are identify goals, gather sample, make
inferences/conclusions
Comprehensive Questions
(Frequently Tested) with
Verified Answers 2026
True of False: Statistics is used to prove claims. - ANSWER ✔✔False
What are Variables? - ANSWER ✔✔Variables are measurable
characteristics that can vary in value.
My answer: Variables are different types of data in an experiment (used
to classify the type of data being collected)
,What type of scale is used when labeling or using categories? -
ANSWER ✔✔This would be qualitative data and the SCALE would
be nominal! Ex: blood type, college majors, room numbers
True or false: it is generally feasible to collect data from every member of
a population - ANSWER ✔✔FALSE! unless the target of a particular
research study is comprised of a small population, it is usually not
practical or sensible to attempt to reach every member within a
population
Which of the following are examples of ordinal variables? Select all that
apply.
- Shirt sizes
- college major
- places in a marathon (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
- Temperature - ANSWER ✔✔-shirt sizes, places in a marathon
Explanation: ordinal is used for qualitative variables and includes ranking
in size or measure (does not indicate how much the data differ)
When a variable can contain negative values, what type of scale is most
appropriate? Why? - ANSWER ✔✔An interval scale because
,variables containing negative values do not have an absolute zero. Note:
this is quantitative data
When is it most appropriate to use a ratio scale? - ANSWER ✔✔A
ratio scale is used when a variable has an absolute zero (Ex: height,
weight, exam scores, GPA)
Note: this is quantitative data
True or false: statistics are used to communicate results but can be used
to mislead individuals - ANSWER ✔✔TRUE!
Provide an example of quantitative variable and an example of a
qualitative variable - ANSWER ✔✔Quantitative Ex: test scores,
reaction time, error number, vital signs, temperature
Qualitative Ex: sex, college major, eye color, blood type, shirt size
How are sample and population related? - ANSWER ✔✔A population
includes every member within a particular group, whereas a sample is a
smaller subset of the given population (used to represent the whole
population)
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, True or false: discrete variables are counted as whole numbers -
ANSWER ✔✔TRUE! discrete variables are quantitative variables that
can be organized into separate categories or counted using whole
numbers. Ex: number of patients in a hospital, pets in a home
_________ statistics involves analyses that provide a way to summarize
and describe data, whereas _________ statistics are performed for
researchers to make inferences and generalizations about populations
based on sample data. - ANSWER ✔✔Answer: descriptive; inferential
Explanation: descriptive statistics involve calcluations like mean,
median, mode, standard deviation, variance, and range. Inferential
statistics involve calculations such as those use for hypothesis testing
(z-scorem, t-test, ANOVA, correctional analyses).
Which of the following is NOT involved in the process of sampling?
- identify goals
- collect data
- make conclusions
- obtain resources - ANSWER ✔✔Answer: obtain resources
Explanation: the steps are identify goals, gather sample, make
inferences/conclusions
