COMPANA T1
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24
long exam one
TRANS: TOPIC
————————Outline———————— morphology
I. Introduction to Comparative Vertebrate
- structural evolution
Anatomy
• Comparative Anatomy significance of comparative
• Morphology
• Incorporated Disciplines anatomy
• Classi cation 1. comprehend structural basis
> Reptiles 2. study evolution
> Birds 3. dissection
> Cartilagenous Fishes 4. understand human’s place in vertebrate
> Bony Fishes world
> Fishes
> Amphibians
> Mammals incorporated disciplines
• Phylogeny of Chordates
• De nition of Vertebrates - zoology - evolution
• Craniate Body - physiology - paleontology
• Craniate and Vertebrate Characteristics - histology - ecology
II. Protochordates and Origin of Craniates - genetics - physics
• Deusterostomes - embryology
• Protochordates
• Phyla
> Echinodermata classifications
> Hemichordata
• Subphyla reptiles
> Urochordata
> Cephalochordata - reptilia
• Ammocoete: Vertebrate Larva - tetrapod vertebrates
• Origin of Craniates - crawls or moves on its belly or on small short
• Phylogenetic Relationships of Chordates legs
III. Craniates - made up of scales, bony plates, or combo
• Major Synapomorphies of the Craniates - snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles
• Fishes
• Superclass Agnatha
• Superclass Gnathostomata
> Class Placodermi
> Class Chondrichthyes
> Class Elasmobranchii
> Class Holocephali
> Class Osteichthyes
> Class Acanthodii
> Class Actinopterygii
> Class Sarcopterygii
• Superclass Tetrapods
> Class Amphibia
> Amniotes
> Class Reptilia
> Class Aves birds
> Class Mammalia
IV. Integumentary System of Vertebrates
- aves
- feathers + wings
• Roles -
• General Structure and Development beaks + beaks
- warm blooded
• Fish Integument
• Amphibian Integument
• Reptile Integument
• Avian Integument
• Mammalian Integument
comparative anatomy
- descriptive and functional (structures)
morphology of vertebrates
- evolution of phylogeny
-
Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology
fi fi
, COMPANA T1
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24
long exam one
cartilaginous fishes mammals
- chondrichthyes -mammalia
- oldest extant jawed vertebrates - “breast”
(gnathostomes) - milk producing mammary
- skeleton = cartilage glands
- sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras - warm-blooded
- endothermic
phylogeny of chordates
bony fishes
- osteichthyes
- lobe- nned and ray- nned shes
- skeleton = bony tissue
amphibians
- amphibia
- small vertebrates
- cold-blooded
- moist skin
- live in both land and water
- cutaneous respiration the big five
- breathing through skin
- poison glands - fundamental characteristics of vertebrates
- characteristics during embryonic development
Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology
fi fi fi
, COMPANA T1
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24
long exam one
notochord
- rod of living cells
- ventral to central nervous system
- dorsal to alimentary canal
- provides skeletal support
vertebrae
- centrum → around notochord
- neural arch → forms spinal cord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
- nerve cord
- develops from plate of ectoderm
- rolls into tube dorsal to notochord
- formed through invagination
- turned inside out or folded
- develops into CNS
- brain
during development during adulthood - spinal cord
- head region - protochordates
(incorporated into (chief axial skeleton
skull oor) surrounded by
- trunk and tail notochord sheath)
(surrounded by - agnathans
cartilaginous/bony (addition of lateral
vertebrae) neural cartilages)
- shes +
amphibians (persist
length of trunk and
tail within centrum)
- reptiles, birds,
mammals
(disappears,
becomes pulpy pharynx
nucleus in mammal
vertebrae) - hemichordates + chordates
- openings (slits)
- either extension or atrium
- digestive + respiratory organ
- located at back of the mouth → passageway
Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology
fi fl
, COMPANA T1
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24
long exam one
- produces:
- gills of shes (permanent slits)
- lungs of tetrapods (temporary)
- skeleton + musculature of jaws
- endocrine glands
- regulation of metabolic rates
- maintain calcium levels in bones, other
tissues and circulating blood
- parafollicular cells
- parathyroid glands
- middle ear cavity (auditory and tympanic
cavity)
- provide initial cells of immune system
components:
((thymus)
- supportive skeletal elements = pharyngeal
skeleton
parafollicular cells - striated muscles = banchiomeric muscles
- cranial nerves
- synthesize, store, secrete calcitonin - innervate muscles
(thyrocalcitonin) - provide sensory input to the brain
- aortic arch
- connects ventral and dorsal aortas
parathyroid glands
- behind thyroid
- regulate blood level of calcium and
phosporous
pharyngeal arches
- column of tissue
- separates each embryonic pahryngeal pouch
or slit
- 4 components:
- skeleton
- muscles
- nerves
- blood vessels pharyngeal clefts
- 6 pairs of arches - ectodermally-lined grooves
- 1st arch = complex - outside of embryonic pharynx
- upper + lower jaw - lost in development → proliferation of
- indentations → both external and internal
underlying mesoderm
- external = clefts lined w/ ectoderm - arise as diverticula of endoderm/foregut
- internal = puches lined w/ endoderm - grows towards surface
- establishes limits of the pharynx
pharyngeal puches
- max no. in jawed craniates:
- 8 = basal shark
- 15 = agnathans
- development of diversity of structures
- may open exterior as slits
Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology
fi
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24
long exam one
TRANS: TOPIC
————————Outline———————— morphology
I. Introduction to Comparative Vertebrate
- structural evolution
Anatomy
• Comparative Anatomy significance of comparative
• Morphology
• Incorporated Disciplines anatomy
• Classi cation 1. comprehend structural basis
> Reptiles 2. study evolution
> Birds 3. dissection
> Cartilagenous Fishes 4. understand human’s place in vertebrate
> Bony Fishes world
> Fishes
> Amphibians
> Mammals incorporated disciplines
• Phylogeny of Chordates
• De nition of Vertebrates - zoology - evolution
• Craniate Body - physiology - paleontology
• Craniate and Vertebrate Characteristics - histology - ecology
II. Protochordates and Origin of Craniates - genetics - physics
• Deusterostomes - embryology
• Protochordates
• Phyla
> Echinodermata classifications
> Hemichordata
• Subphyla reptiles
> Urochordata
> Cephalochordata - reptilia
• Ammocoete: Vertebrate Larva - tetrapod vertebrates
• Origin of Craniates - crawls or moves on its belly or on small short
• Phylogenetic Relationships of Chordates legs
III. Craniates - made up of scales, bony plates, or combo
• Major Synapomorphies of the Craniates - snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles
• Fishes
• Superclass Agnatha
• Superclass Gnathostomata
> Class Placodermi
> Class Chondrichthyes
> Class Elasmobranchii
> Class Holocephali
> Class Osteichthyes
> Class Acanthodii
> Class Actinopterygii
> Class Sarcopterygii
• Superclass Tetrapods
> Class Amphibia
> Amniotes
> Class Reptilia
> Class Aves birds
> Class Mammalia
IV. Integumentary System of Vertebrates
- aves
- feathers + wings
• Roles -
• General Structure and Development beaks + beaks
- warm blooded
• Fish Integument
• Amphibian Integument
• Reptile Integument
• Avian Integument
• Mammalian Integument
comparative anatomy
- descriptive and functional (structures)
morphology of vertebrates
- evolution of phylogeny
-
Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology
fi fi
, COMPANA T1
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24
long exam one
cartilaginous fishes mammals
- chondrichthyes -mammalia
- oldest extant jawed vertebrates - “breast”
(gnathostomes) - milk producing mammary
- skeleton = cartilage glands
- sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras - warm-blooded
- endothermic
phylogeny of chordates
bony fishes
- osteichthyes
- lobe- nned and ray- nned shes
- skeleton = bony tissue
amphibians
- amphibia
- small vertebrates
- cold-blooded
- moist skin
- live in both land and water
- cutaneous respiration the big five
- breathing through skin
- poison glands - fundamental characteristics of vertebrates
- characteristics during embryonic development
Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology
fi fi fi
, COMPANA T1
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24
long exam one
notochord
- rod of living cells
- ventral to central nervous system
- dorsal to alimentary canal
- provides skeletal support
vertebrae
- centrum → around notochord
- neural arch → forms spinal cord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
- nerve cord
- develops from plate of ectoderm
- rolls into tube dorsal to notochord
- formed through invagination
- turned inside out or folded
- develops into CNS
- brain
during development during adulthood - spinal cord
- head region - protochordates
(incorporated into (chief axial skeleton
skull oor) surrounded by
- trunk and tail notochord sheath)
(surrounded by - agnathans
cartilaginous/bony (addition of lateral
vertebrae) neural cartilages)
- shes +
amphibians (persist
length of trunk and
tail within centrum)
- reptiles, birds,
mammals
(disappears,
becomes pulpy pharynx
nucleus in mammal
vertebrae) - hemichordates + chordates
- openings (slits)
- either extension or atrium
- digestive + respiratory organ
- located at back of the mouth → passageway
Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology
fi fl
, COMPANA T1
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24
long exam one
- produces:
- gills of shes (permanent slits)
- lungs of tetrapods (temporary)
- skeleton + musculature of jaws
- endocrine glands
- regulation of metabolic rates
- maintain calcium levels in bones, other
tissues and circulating blood
- parafollicular cells
- parathyroid glands
- middle ear cavity (auditory and tympanic
cavity)
- provide initial cells of immune system
components:
((thymus)
- supportive skeletal elements = pharyngeal
skeleton
parafollicular cells - striated muscles = banchiomeric muscles
- cranial nerves
- synthesize, store, secrete calcitonin - innervate muscles
(thyrocalcitonin) - provide sensory input to the brain
- aortic arch
- connects ventral and dorsal aortas
parathyroid glands
- behind thyroid
- regulate blood level of calcium and
phosporous
pharyngeal arches
- column of tissue
- separates each embryonic pahryngeal pouch
or slit
- 4 components:
- skeleton
- muscles
- nerves
- blood vessels pharyngeal clefts
- 6 pairs of arches - ectodermally-lined grooves
- 1st arch = complex - outside of embryonic pharynx
- upper + lower jaw - lost in development → proliferation of
- indentations → both external and internal
underlying mesoderm
- external = clefts lined w/ ectoderm - arise as diverticula of endoderm/foregut
- internal = puches lined w/ endoderm - grows towards surface
- establishes limits of the pharynx
pharyngeal puches
- max no. in jawed craniates:
- 8 = basal shark
- 15 = agnathans
- development of diversity of structures
- may open exterior as slits
Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology
fi
