Summary Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates - Tissues and Muscle Types

COMPANA T1
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24

Long Exam two
TRANS: TOPIC



————————Outline———————— EXOSKELE TON
I. Mineralized Tissue
- dermal skeleton
- primitive trait
• Skeleton - teeth, membrane bones of skull
> Exoskeleton
> Endoskeleton
• Cartilage endoskeleton
• Bone
• Dentin and Acellular Bone - distinguishing characteristics (chordates)
• Skeletal Remodeling - appears much earlier in ontogeny
• Tendons, Ligaments and Joints
• Regional Components of the Skeleton general structure
II. Skeletal System
• Skull - mineralized connective tissue
> Neurocranium - deposited in collagen (matrix)
> Splanchnocranium - bone
> Dermatocranium - cartilage
> Special Features of Cranial - enameloids
Skeleton - dentin
> Phylogeny
• Post-cranial Axial Skeleton
> Vertebral Column formation of mineralized
> Ribs structures
> Tetrapod Sternum
• Appendicular Skeleton
> Pectoral Girdles
> Pelvic Girdles
> Fins
> Origin of Paired Fins and Limbs
> Tetrapod Limbs
> Adaptive Modi cations
III. Muscular System
• Muscle Tissues and Major Catergories of
Muscles
• Intro to Skeletal Muscles
• Axial Muscles
• Appendicular Musacles
• Somitometric and Somitic Muscles of the
Head steps in formation of skeletal
• Integumentary Muscles
• Electric Organs tissues

mineralized tissue
Skeleton
- broad outlines of vertebrate phylogeny
- skeletal framework:
- shape
- support
- protection
- muscle attachment = locomotion



cartilage
- embryonic skeleton of higher vertebrates
(temporary)
- main skeleton of lower vertebrates (permanent)
- replaced by bone (higher vertebrates)
- specialized (avascular) connective tissue of
chondrocytes
- dispersed in spaces (lacunae) in matrix
(chondromucin)


Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology


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, COMPANA T1
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Lec AY 23-24

Long Exam two
- surrounded by perichondrium - synthesized and maintained (osteoblasts +
- dense connective tissue osteocytes)
- generally mesodermal (mesenchyme) in origin - inorganic component → calcium
except for head + gill region (from neural crest hydroxyapatite crystals
cells) - composed of calcium, phosphate + hydroxyl
ions
- organic component → type I collagen w/
steps in formation of amorphous ground susbtance
cartulage - bounded by water + mucopolysaccharides =
cementing substance


types of bone cells
- stem cells
- derived from
osteogenic cells/
mesenchyme
scleroblasts - give rise to all
connective tissue
- bone formation
- growth regulation
osteoblasts
- secrete organic +
material substances
for ossi cation
types
- osteoblasts
- most abundant - surrounded by own
- least di erentiated intercellular
- precursor of osteocytes deposits
hyaline
replacement bone - maintain cellular
- on articular surfaces activities of bone
of bones tissue
- intervertebral discs - contain enzymes for
- attachment of bone resportion
brous
tendons and (release ion stores)
ligaments osteoclasts - contain hormone
- external ear + receptors for own
elastic regulation
epiglottis

- when calcium salts
are deposited within
calci ed the interstitial stages in formation of bone
substance of hyaline
cartilage/ brocartilage




functions
- support of soft tissues and muscles
- locomotion
bone - protection of vital organs (skull, ribs, vertebrae)
- specialized (vascular) connective tissue - hematopoiesis
- rbc production in bone marrow
- made up of calci ed bone matrix - reservoir of calcium + phosphate


Joshua Mercado BS Biology Major in Medical Biology


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