Ocean Final
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Percentage of Earth covered by water - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅About 71%
Average depth of the ocean - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅About 3,700 meters (3.7 km)
Deepest part of the ocean - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean
Geosphere - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The solid Earth including rocks and interior layers
Biosphere - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅All living organisms on Earth
Atmosphere - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The layer of gases surrounding Earth
Hydrosphere - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅All water on Earth
Cryosphere - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅All frozen water including glaciers and sea ice
Five oceans - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern
How to determine Earth's circumference - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Measure sun angle at two
locations and use geometry (Eratosthenes method)
Latitude - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Angular distance north or south of the Equator
Longitude - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian
Units of latitude and longitude - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Degrees, minutes, seconds
Convert minutes to decimal degrees - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Divide minutes by 60
, Convert seconds to decimal degrees - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Divide seconds by 3600
Latitude from North Star - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Angle of Polaris above horizon equals
your latitude (Northern Hemisphere)
Longitude from time - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅15 degrees per hour difference from GMT
GPS stands for - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Global Positioning System
How GPS works - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Satellites send signals used to triangulate position
Evidence Earth is a sphere - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Curved shadow during lunar eclipse;
ships disappear hull-first; changing constellations with latitude
Bathymetry - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Measurement of ocean depth
Topography - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Measurement of land elevation
Isobath - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅A contour line of equal ocean depth
Close isobaths indicate - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Steep slope
Wide isobaths indicate - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Gentle slope
Two-Way Travel Time (TWT) - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Time for sound to travel to seafloor
and back
Speed of sound in seawater - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅About 1500 meters per second
Depth formula using TWT - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Depth = (Speed × TWT) ÷ 2
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Area extending 200 nautical miles
offshore where a country controls resources
Largest EEZ country - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅United States due to overseas territories
Nautical mile - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Equal to one minute of latitude
Continental margin parts - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Continental shelf, continental slope,
continental rise
Abyssal plain - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Flat deep-ocean floor