BIO 210 Final Exam Review (Trident Technical College) Complete Study Guide, Practice Questions & Exam Prep 2026–2027

BIO 210 Final Exam Review (Trident Technical College) Complete
Study Guide, Practice Questions & Comprehensive Exam Prep 2026–
2027
1. Anatomy: thestudyofstructure h h h h




2. Physiology: thestudyoffunction h h h h




3. Metabolism: allthechemicalreactionsthathappeninourbodycells h h h h h h h h h h




4. Catabolism: the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Catabolic reaction
h h h h h h h h h h




5. Anabolism: Thebuildingupofcomplexmoleculesfromsimplerones h h h h h h h h h




6. Levels of Structural Organization: Atom(chemical),Molecule(chemical),Celltissue,Organ,Organ
h h h h h h h h h h h




System, Organism
h h




7. Homeostasis: The maintenance of the internal environment regardless of external conditions
h h h h h h h h h h




8. Negative feedback mechanism: Most feedback mechanisms are this type - regulating body tem-
h h h h h h h h h h h h




perature, blood pressure, blood glucose
h h h h




9. Cranial Cavity: Brainandspinalcord h h h h h




10. vertebral cavity: spinalcord h h h




11. thoracic cavity: heartandlungs h h h h




12. abdominopelvic cavity: stoachdigestiveorgans h h h h




13. parietal membrane: lines cavity wall h h h h




14. visceral membrane: linestheorganssurface h h h h h




15. ATP: a form of energy used by all reactions in cells. Made in the mitochondria
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




16. 4elements that makeup 96% of the humanbody:Oxygen,hydrogen,carbonand
h h h h h h h h h h h h h




nitrogen
h




17. atomic number: number of protons. Always the same as the number of electrons
h h h h h h h h h h h h




18. Atomic mass: decimalnumber-numberofprotonsandneutronstogether-ifyousubtracttheprotons youget
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




thenumberofneutrons
h h h h




19. ionic bonds: thetransferofoneormoreelectrons
h h h h h h h h




20. anion: negativecharge-gainsoneelectron
h h h h h h




21. cation: positivecharge-losesoneelectron
h h h h h h




22. covalent bond: sharedelectrons h h h




23. 2 types of covalent bonds: Polar-unequalsharingofelectrons
h h h h h h h h h h




Nonpolar - equalsharingof electrons
h h h h h h




24. PH: Acid baseconcentration-homeostasisofacid basebalance isregulatedby chemicalscalled butters
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




25. buffers: acccepthydrogenionswhenPHishighanddonateswhenthePHislow
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




26. Carbohydrates - organic compound: fructose, glycogen h h h h h




27. Protiens- organic compound: aminoacidsandenzymes h h h h h h h




h h

,28. Lipids - organic compound: triglycerides, cholesterol
h h h h h




29. Nucleic acids - organic compound: DNA,RNA h h h h h h




30. DNA nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Guanine,Cytosine, Thymine (AGCT)
h h h h h h h




31. RNA nitrogenous bases: Adenine,Guanine,Cytosine,Uracil(AGSU)
h h h h h h h




32. Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic (phosphate) heads and hydrophobic
h h h h h h h h h h




(lipid)tails
h h




33. Resting membrane potential: maintained by sodium potassium pump (active transport) - takes 3
h h h h h h h h h h h h




sodium out and 2 potassium in
h h h h h h




34. K+ Potassium: 10 times higher inside the cell - major intracellular cation
h h h h h h h h h h h




35. Na+ Sodium: 10timeshigheroutsidethecell-majorextracellularcation
h h h h h h h h h h h




36. passive transport - osmosis: Movementofwater.Waterfollowssalt,thatswhatmakesitmove
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




37. Hypotonic solution: cellslyse/burst h h h




38. Isotonic solution: no change h h h




39. Hypertonic solution: cellshrink h h h




40. cell cycle: beforeacellcandivide,it'sDNAhastobereplicatedexactly
h h h h h h h h h h h h h




41. 3 stages of interphase: G1-Growthandmetabolism S -
h h h h h h h h h h




DNA replication
h h




G2 - Preparation for division
h h h h




42. CellDivision-Mitosis:4Phases h h h h h




Prophase
h




Metaphase
Anaphase
h




Telophase
h




43. Prophase: chromosomesappear h h




44. Metaphase: chromosomes cluster in the middle h h h h h




45. Anaphase: daughter chromosomes appear h h h




46. Telophase: identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles; cleavage furrow h h h h h h h h h




47. Cytokinesis: completedivisionofthecell h h h h h




48. Protein synthesis - Transcription: DNA's information is encoded by a codon in mRNA. Happens inthe
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




nucleus
h




49. Protein synthesis - Translation: Information carried by the mRNAis decoded by an anticodon and used to
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




assemble polypeptides. Happens in the cytosol/ribosome
h h h h h h




h h

, 50. Tissues: Groupsofcellssimilarinstructurethatperformaspecificfunction h h h h h h h h h h h




51. Epithelial Tissue: asheetofcellsthatcoverabodysurfaceorlinesacavity h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




52. Connective Tissue (CT): CTProper-fibroblasts h h h h h h




Cartilage-chondrocytes
h h h




Bone-Osteocytes
h h




Blood - erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets
h h h h h h




53. Muscle tissue: skeletalmuscle h h h




Cardiac muscle
h h




smoothmuscle h




54. nervoustissue:neurons h h




neuroglia
h




55. Glandular epithelia - Endocrine: ductless glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream.
h h h h h h h h h h h




Product does not leave the body (hormones)
h h h h h h h




56. Glandular epithelia - exocrine: secretetheirproductsthroughductsontobodysurfaces-theEXit the
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




body. Sebaceous (oil) glands nd sudiferous (sweat) glands
h h h h h h h h




57. 3 regions of the skin: epidermis (outermost)
h h h h h h




dermis(vascularlayer)
h h h




hypodermis-subcutaneous h h




58. 5 cell layers of the epidermis: stratumcorneum-keratinized-waterproofsloughsottcellsaredead
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




stratum lucidum - only in thick skin - soles of feet and palms of hands - cells are dead here
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




stratum granulosum - keratinization begins here
h h h h h




stratum spinosum - tension resisting bundles of pre-keratin filaments stratum
h h h h h h h h h




basale-activelymitoticstemcells
h h h h h h




59. Sweat Glands: sudiferous - secrete sweat intoand through the glands duct system tothe skin surface
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




60. Oil Glands: sebaceous-oilglandsthatsecretesebumtotheskinandhair.Helppreventfromdryingout.
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h




61. Skin Cancer: BasalCellCarcinoma h h h h




Squamous Cell carcinoma
h h h




Melanoma
62. Diaphysis: Theshaft h h




63. Epiphysis: Boneendscoveredwithanarticularsurface h h h h h h h




64. Endosteum: Covers internal bone surface - justlike periosteum but inside h h h h h h h h h h




65. Periosteum: white double layered membrane covering the external bone surface h h h h h h h h h





h h