NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology
and Pharmacology for the Nurse
Educator QUESTION AND VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
[LATEST UPDATE] 100% GUARANTEED
PASS
PDE-5 inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER--Pulmonary hypertension therapy
-Include sildenafil. Inhibit cGMP PDE5 and prolong vasodilatory effect of nitric oxide.
cGMP phosphodiesterase - CORRECT ANSWER-an enzyme in cells that converts cGMP into GMP
Amiodarone - CORRECT ANSWER-is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart
failure; can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER-results in vasoconstriction and increased
blood pressure.
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade - CORRECT ANSWER-results in vasodilation and reduced blood
pressure
Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER-by beta agonists (e.g., isoproterenol) results
in increased heart rate, increased blood pressure and increased cardiac output.
,Beta-1 adrenergic blockade - CORRECT ANSWER-results in reduced heart rate, reduced blood
pressure and reduced cardiac output.
Left heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER-The heart does not adequately circulate blood to systemic
system. Due to pressure overload or volume overload
Right heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER-The heart does not adequately circulate blood to the
pulmonic system. Can be due to volume overload or regurgitation in Tricuspid Valve or Pulmonic
Valve.
Can lead to systemic edema, back up of blood in liver and lower extremities
Furosemide (Lasix) - CORRECT ANSWER-Loop diuretic; A drug that relieves heart failure
symptoms but does not reduce mortality.
Loop diuretics - CORRECT ANSWER-are potent diuretics, can cause diuretic resistance and
hypokalemia, and work on receptors in the thick ascending renal loop of Henle. They also inhibit
the re-absorption of sodium and chloride at this site in the kidney.
Potassium-sparing diuretics - CORRECT ANSWER-spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride
Milrinone - CORRECT ANSWER-phosphodiesterase inhibitor, used for acute heart failure.
Tetralogy of Fallot - CORRECT ANSWER-congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct
heart defects
Tetralogy of Fallot treatment - CORRECT ANSWER-Children that are diagnosed can stop hypoxic
spells by squatting down (a compensatory mechanism)
, Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - CORRECT ANSWER-an abnormal opening between the
pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after
birth; a congenital heart defect with a continuous machine-like murmur heard over the left
upper sternal border in both systole and diastole, a bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - CORRECT ANSWER-can be effectively treated with IV NSAIDs
such as indomethacin.
Raynaud's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-a vasospastic disorder typically seen during cold
weather; involves the small arteries and arterioles in the fingers; occasionally, the toes are also
involved; is treated with dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine)
because they cause peripheral vasodilation.
Respiratory system: Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-is an obstructive airway disease associated
with airflow obstruction, mucus production, hyperactivity of the bronchial tissue, and
inflammation.
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-*Mild persistent asthma is best treated with a short-acting beta-2
agonist (SABA) plus an inhaled corticosteroid.
*Moderate persistent asthma is best treated with an inhaled low-dose corticosteroid and a
long-acting bronchodilator.
*Severe persistent asthma is best treated with a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) plus a high-
potency inhaled corticosteroid plus an oral corticosteroid drug.
Asthma treatment - CORRECT ANSWER-*Inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are
indicated only for PRN use.
*Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA, e.g., salmeterol) should never be used in an acute asthma
exacerbation; use a short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA, e.g., albuterol).
*Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are used in acute asthmatic attacks, but can increase heart
rate, tremors, nervousness, and reduce serum potassium levels.
and Pharmacology for the Nurse
Educator QUESTION AND VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
[LATEST UPDATE] 100% GUARANTEED
PASS
PDE-5 inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER--Pulmonary hypertension therapy
-Include sildenafil. Inhibit cGMP PDE5 and prolong vasodilatory effect of nitric oxide.
cGMP phosphodiesterase - CORRECT ANSWER-an enzyme in cells that converts cGMP into GMP
Amiodarone - CORRECT ANSWER-is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart
failure; can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER-results in vasoconstriction and increased
blood pressure.
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade - CORRECT ANSWER-results in vasodilation and reduced blood
pressure
Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER-by beta agonists (e.g., isoproterenol) results
in increased heart rate, increased blood pressure and increased cardiac output.
,Beta-1 adrenergic blockade - CORRECT ANSWER-results in reduced heart rate, reduced blood
pressure and reduced cardiac output.
Left heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER-The heart does not adequately circulate blood to systemic
system. Due to pressure overload or volume overload
Right heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER-The heart does not adequately circulate blood to the
pulmonic system. Can be due to volume overload or regurgitation in Tricuspid Valve or Pulmonic
Valve.
Can lead to systemic edema, back up of blood in liver and lower extremities
Furosemide (Lasix) - CORRECT ANSWER-Loop diuretic; A drug that relieves heart failure
symptoms but does not reduce mortality.
Loop diuretics - CORRECT ANSWER-are potent diuretics, can cause diuretic resistance and
hypokalemia, and work on receptors in the thick ascending renal loop of Henle. They also inhibit
the re-absorption of sodium and chloride at this site in the kidney.
Potassium-sparing diuretics - CORRECT ANSWER-spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride
Milrinone - CORRECT ANSWER-phosphodiesterase inhibitor, used for acute heart failure.
Tetralogy of Fallot - CORRECT ANSWER-congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct
heart defects
Tetralogy of Fallot treatment - CORRECT ANSWER-Children that are diagnosed can stop hypoxic
spells by squatting down (a compensatory mechanism)
, Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - CORRECT ANSWER-an abnormal opening between the
pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after
birth; a congenital heart defect with a continuous machine-like murmur heard over the left
upper sternal border in both systole and diastole, a bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - CORRECT ANSWER-can be effectively treated with IV NSAIDs
such as indomethacin.
Raynaud's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-a vasospastic disorder typically seen during cold
weather; involves the small arteries and arterioles in the fingers; occasionally, the toes are also
involved; is treated with dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine)
because they cause peripheral vasodilation.
Respiratory system: Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-is an obstructive airway disease associated
with airflow obstruction, mucus production, hyperactivity of the bronchial tissue, and
inflammation.
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-*Mild persistent asthma is best treated with a short-acting beta-2
agonist (SABA) plus an inhaled corticosteroid.
*Moderate persistent asthma is best treated with an inhaled low-dose corticosteroid and a
long-acting bronchodilator.
*Severe persistent asthma is best treated with a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) plus a high-
potency inhaled corticosteroid plus an oral corticosteroid drug.
Asthma treatment - CORRECT ANSWER-*Inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are
indicated only for PRN use.
*Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA, e.g., salmeterol) should never be used in an acute asthma
exacerbation; use a short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA, e.g., albuterol).
*Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are used in acute asthmatic attacks, but can increase heart
rate, tremors, nervousness, and reduce serum potassium levels.
