Nagelhout Chapter 15: Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia
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Solubility -ANSWER-The ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given
temperature and pressure (for anesthesia think of gas dissolved into a liquid)
Molecules that enter cell through Active Transport -ANSWER-Large molecules:
Glucose; Charged Ions: Na+; K+; Cl-; Ca++
Osmosis -ANSWER-The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane (specifically water); Movement down concentration gradient (Think:
Water wants to dilute a solute by moving to it; Where Na+ goes, Water follows)
osmotic pressure -ANSWER-pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic
movement across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmolarity -ANSWER-Measure of total concentration of solute particles per L of
water (more commonly used); Particles/L or mol/L; Need to take the amu (g/mol)
and multiply by concentration of solution in (g/L) you will be left with mol/L
(remember to multiply the result by 2 if the substance disassociates in a solution;
i.e NaCL); Multiply results by 0.93 for osmotic coefficient
Osmolarity of body fluids -ANSWER-300 mOsm
Osmolality -ANSWER-concentration of solutes in a solution per kg of solution
, Factor that effect the rate of diffusion: -ANSWER-Concentration gradient
Electrical potential (opposites attract)
Pressure (move from high pressure to low pressure)
Selectivity of Na+ channel -ANSWER-Negatively charged voltage gate; K+ is too
large to pass through
Selectivity of K+ channel -ANSWER-Carbonyl Oxygen strip the K+ of its water
molecules (dehydrate); Allowing it to pass through; The Na+ is too big to pass
through hydrated but the Carbonyl Oxygen only interacts with K+, so Na+ is
unable to pass through
Na+/K+ pump -ANSWER-3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in; an;e to move up concentration
gradient
What is the change in mV typically needed to trigger a cells threshold initiating a
action potential? -ANSWER-15mV
membrane depolarization -ANSWER-Opening of Na+ voltage gates due to a slight
increase in the membranes negative resting potential pass a threshold which
triggers the action potential; Overshoot is potential above +0 during
depolarization
Newton's First Law -ANSWER-A body in motion tends to stay in motion unless
acted upon by another force
Updated Exam 2026 WITH Recent Newest Verified And Well Analyzed
Exam Questions (Actual Exam 2026-2027) Correct Detailed & Verified
ANSWERS (100% Accurate Solutions) ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST
VERSION Of The Exam Guarantee Pass!!
Solubility -ANSWER-The ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given
temperature and pressure (for anesthesia think of gas dissolved into a liquid)
Molecules that enter cell through Active Transport -ANSWER-Large molecules:
Glucose; Charged Ions: Na+; K+; Cl-; Ca++
Osmosis -ANSWER-The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane (specifically water); Movement down concentration gradient (Think:
Water wants to dilute a solute by moving to it; Where Na+ goes, Water follows)
osmotic pressure -ANSWER-pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic
movement across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmolarity -ANSWER-Measure of total concentration of solute particles per L of
water (more commonly used); Particles/L or mol/L; Need to take the amu (g/mol)
and multiply by concentration of solution in (g/L) you will be left with mol/L
(remember to multiply the result by 2 if the substance disassociates in a solution;
i.e NaCL); Multiply results by 0.93 for osmotic coefficient
Osmolarity of body fluids -ANSWER-300 mOsm
Osmolality -ANSWER-concentration of solutes in a solution per kg of solution
, Factor that effect the rate of diffusion: -ANSWER-Concentration gradient
Electrical potential (opposites attract)
Pressure (move from high pressure to low pressure)
Selectivity of Na+ channel -ANSWER-Negatively charged voltage gate; K+ is too
large to pass through
Selectivity of K+ channel -ANSWER-Carbonyl Oxygen strip the K+ of its water
molecules (dehydrate); Allowing it to pass through; The Na+ is too big to pass
through hydrated but the Carbonyl Oxygen only interacts with K+, so Na+ is
unable to pass through
Na+/K+ pump -ANSWER-3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in; an;e to move up concentration
gradient
What is the change in mV typically needed to trigger a cells threshold initiating a
action potential? -ANSWER-15mV
membrane depolarization -ANSWER-Opening of Na+ voltage gates due to a slight
increase in the membranes negative resting potential pass a threshold which
triggers the action potential; Overshoot is potential above +0 during
depolarization
Newton's First Law -ANSWER-A body in motion tends to stay in motion unless
acted upon by another force
