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GMS 6440 Final 2026 – GMS 6440 – Complete Final Exam Study Guide with Verified Questions and Answers

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This document contains a comprehensive set of questions and verified answers for the GMS 6440 final exam, covering major physiology topics including organ systems, membrane transport, endocrinology, neurophysiology, fluid balance, and genetic research techniques. It is structured in a question-and-answer format, making it suitable for exam preparation and rapid review. The material also includes key physiological pathways, hormone functions, nervous system organization, receptor signaling, and experimental mouse models commonly tested in the course. It serves as a complete study resource for reviewing the core concepts before the final exam. Keywords physiology organ systems skeletal system muscular system cardiovascular system respiratory system renal physiology endocrinology hormones membrane transport ion channels Na/K ATPase electrolytes fluid balance osmolality GPCR cell signaling nervous system autonomic nervous system brain anatomy reproductive system genetics transgenic mice CRISPR Cre LoxP exam questions study guide final exam verified answers

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GMS 6440 Final 2026 Expert
Verifed Ace the Test



Skeletal System - ANSWER ✔✔Organs: bones, cartilage, bone

marrow

Function: provide support and protection, store calcium and minerals,

form blood cells


Muscular System - ANSWER ✔✔Organs: muscles, tendons


Function: provide movement, support and protect, generate heat and

maintain body temperate


Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth Muscle - ANSWER ✔✔Skeletal -

contractile proteins form alternating patterns of light and dark (striations).

Voluntary movement.

,Cardiac - involuntary. Rich in capillaries, connective tissue supplies

blood to the muscle

Smooth - involuntary. Grouped in irregular bundles, found lining internal

organs.


Digestive System - ANSWER ✔✔Organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx,

esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Function: process and digest food, absorb and conserve water,

breakdown nutrients, store energy, generate heat

How much intestinal juice is secrete and how much water is secreted

into the feces? - ANSWER ✔✔We produce anywhere between 6.5-8L

of liquid a day but only lose 100 ml/day.


Cardiovascular System - ANSWER ✔✔Organs: heart, blood, vessels


Function: distribute nutrients and stuff, distribute heat and control body

temp


Pathway of Circulatory System - ANSWER ✔✔Deoxygenated Blood -

Right Atrium - tricuspid valve - Right Ventricle - pulmonary artery - Lungs

- Oxygenated Blood - pulmonary vein - Left Atrium - mitral valve - Left

Ventricle - Aorta - artery - arteriole - capillary - venule - vein - vena cava

, Respiratory System - ANSWER ✔✔Organs: nasal cavity, sinuses,

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Function: deliver air to alveoli, provide O2 to blood, remove CO2 from

blood, sound


How many lobes to the right and left lungs have? - ANSWER

✔✔Right has 3 and the left has 2


Renal and Urinary System - ANSWER ✔✔Organs: kidney, ureter,

bladder

Function: excrete waste from blood, control water balance, storing urine,

regulate blood [ ] and pH

How much liquid do we filter a day and how much urine is usually

produced? - ANSWER ✔✔We filter 170 L/day while only producing

1.5 L of urine.


Endocrine System - ANSWER ✔✔Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid

gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, etc

Function: direct long-term changes in systems, metabolic activity,

development


Major hormones and their functions - ANSWER ✔✔GH: pituitary.

stimulates growth.

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