TIONS AND WELL DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS|GRADED A+|NEW-
Classical conditioning - ANSWER Learning to associate 2 stimuli together, which leads to
an organism anticipating future events. Example: Ivan Paplov studied salivation in dogs as a
precursor to digestion.
Unconditioned stimulus - ANSWER Stimulus that automatically triggers a response natu-
rally. Unlearned.
Unconditioned response - ANSWER Naturally occuring, unlearned response to an uncon-
ditioned stimulus. Unlearned.
Conditioned stimulus - ANSWER Originally neutral stimulus that triggers a response after
an association with an unconditioned stimulus is formed. Learned.
Conditioned response - ANSWER Learned response to a stimulus that was originally neu-
tral, but is now conditioned.
Extinction - ANSWER Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no linger paired with
the conditioned stimulus. Make the behavior go away.
Generalization - ANSWER Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus will also elicit the
conditioned response. Avoid things that are similar to things that have hurt us.
Operant conditioning - ANSWER Controlling behavior through consequences. Behavior
strengthened by reinforcement and weakened by punishment.
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,Positive reinforcement - ANSWER Increases behavior by presenting a positive stimulus.
Adding Example: giving dog a treat to roll over
Negative reinforcement - ANSWER Increases behavior by stopping a negative stimulus.
Subtracting Example: you buy your child a toy in the store and he stops crying. This will in-
crease your toy buying behavior.
Primary reinforcer - ANSWER Does not have to be learned. Satisfies a biological need.
Food. Water. Similar to unconditioned stimuli.
Secondary reinforcer - ANSWER Has to be learned. These can get us the primary reinforc-
ers. Good grades. Money. Similar to conditioned stimuli.
Reinforcement schedules - ANSWER Continuous and partial
Continuous reinforcement - ANSWER A behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. For
example if you give your child a candy bar every time he cleans his room.
Partial reinforcement - ANSWER A behavior is reinforced only part of the time it occurs.
Example: you gave your child a candy bar every so often after he cleans his room. Note: this
type of schedule is much more difficult to extinguish
Partial reinforcement schedule types - ANSWER Ratio and Interval
Ratio - ANSWER Reinforcement that occurs after a number of responses occur - response
Interval - ANSWER Reinforcement occurs after an amount of time passes - time
2
, Fixed-ratio - ANSWER A knowable pattern. You get your reinforcer after a specific number
of responses. For example: after purchasing five sandwiches, you get one free at your favor-
ite deli
Variable-ratio - ANSWER Random pattern. You get your reinforcer after an unpredictable
number of responses occur. For example: playing the lottery; playing a slot machine
Fixed-interval - ANSWER After a specified amount of time has passed, you receive a rein-
forcer for your response. Example: checking to see if your mail has come, a pay period.
Variable-interval - ANSWER A random amount of time has passed and you never know
when you're going to receive a reinforcer for your response. Example: checking your Face-
book status for likes. Checking your email. Note: variable schedules are much harder to stop
once they have been put in place.
Positive punishment - ANSWER Adding something unpleasant to decrease or stop the be-
havior. Example: corporal punishment; spraying water on the cat.
Negative punishment - ANSWER Stop the behavior by the subtraction of something posi-
tive. For example: you come in late after curfew and your parents take away your car keys.
Observational learning - ANSWER Learning by observing others who are modeling behav-
iors.
Vicarious reinforcement - ANSWER Watching others receive reinforcement for their be-
havior. Example: watching a movie in which a criminal is rewarded with money for commit-
ting a crime.
Vicarious punishment - ANSWER Watching someone receive a punishment for their be-
havior. Example: watching a movie in which a criminal goes to jail for committing a crime.
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Classical conditioning - ANSWER Learning to associate 2 stimuli together, which leads to
an organism anticipating future events. Example: Ivan Paplov studied salivation in dogs as a
precursor to digestion.
Unconditioned stimulus - ANSWER Stimulus that automatically triggers a response natu-
rally. Unlearned.
Unconditioned response - ANSWER Naturally occuring, unlearned response to an uncon-
ditioned stimulus. Unlearned.
Conditioned stimulus - ANSWER Originally neutral stimulus that triggers a response after
an association with an unconditioned stimulus is formed. Learned.
Conditioned response - ANSWER Learned response to a stimulus that was originally neu-
tral, but is now conditioned.
Extinction - ANSWER Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no linger paired with
the conditioned stimulus. Make the behavior go away.
Generalization - ANSWER Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus will also elicit the
conditioned response. Avoid things that are similar to things that have hurt us.
Operant conditioning - ANSWER Controlling behavior through consequences. Behavior
strengthened by reinforcement and weakened by punishment.
1
,Positive reinforcement - ANSWER Increases behavior by presenting a positive stimulus.
Adding Example: giving dog a treat to roll over
Negative reinforcement - ANSWER Increases behavior by stopping a negative stimulus.
Subtracting Example: you buy your child a toy in the store and he stops crying. This will in-
crease your toy buying behavior.
Primary reinforcer - ANSWER Does not have to be learned. Satisfies a biological need.
Food. Water. Similar to unconditioned stimuli.
Secondary reinforcer - ANSWER Has to be learned. These can get us the primary reinforc-
ers. Good grades. Money. Similar to conditioned stimuli.
Reinforcement schedules - ANSWER Continuous and partial
Continuous reinforcement - ANSWER A behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. For
example if you give your child a candy bar every time he cleans his room.
Partial reinforcement - ANSWER A behavior is reinforced only part of the time it occurs.
Example: you gave your child a candy bar every so often after he cleans his room. Note: this
type of schedule is much more difficult to extinguish
Partial reinforcement schedule types - ANSWER Ratio and Interval
Ratio - ANSWER Reinforcement that occurs after a number of responses occur - response
Interval - ANSWER Reinforcement occurs after an amount of time passes - time
2
, Fixed-ratio - ANSWER A knowable pattern. You get your reinforcer after a specific number
of responses. For example: after purchasing five sandwiches, you get one free at your favor-
ite deli
Variable-ratio - ANSWER Random pattern. You get your reinforcer after an unpredictable
number of responses occur. For example: playing the lottery; playing a slot machine
Fixed-interval - ANSWER After a specified amount of time has passed, you receive a rein-
forcer for your response. Example: checking to see if your mail has come, a pay period.
Variable-interval - ANSWER A random amount of time has passed and you never know
when you're going to receive a reinforcer for your response. Example: checking your Face-
book status for likes. Checking your email. Note: variable schedules are much harder to stop
once they have been put in place.
Positive punishment - ANSWER Adding something unpleasant to decrease or stop the be-
havior. Example: corporal punishment; spraying water on the cat.
Negative punishment - ANSWER Stop the behavior by the subtraction of something posi-
tive. For example: you come in late after curfew and your parents take away your car keys.
Observational learning - ANSWER Learning by observing others who are modeling behav-
iors.
Vicarious reinforcement - ANSWER Watching others receive reinforcement for their be-
havior. Example: watching a movie in which a criminal is rewarded with money for commit-
ting a crime.
Vicarious punishment - ANSWER Watching someone receive a punishment for their be-
havior. Example: watching a movie in which a criminal goes to jail for committing a crime.
3
