POLI 105 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
What is the difference between an NGO, and IGO, and an IO - Answers - 1. NGO= Non-
governmental organization; made up of individuals; funded by individuals or public
fundraising; examples include Amnesty International, the Roman Catholic Church, etc.
2. IGO= Intergovernmental organization; made up of states; examples include the UN,
EU, NAFTA, etc.
3. IOs= International organizations; include both NGOs and IGOs.
What theory of IR focuses on institiutions - Answers - Neoliberalism. ****
(Realism- "power matters")
(Neorealism- "security matters")
(Liberalism- "cooperation matters")
(Neoliberalism- "institutions matter")
(Constructivism= "ideas matter")
What do international structures/organizations foster? - Answers - Peace and security
What heavily fostered IGOs and international structures/organizations? - Answers - The
idea is sovereignty- 100% statehood, political or territorial autonomy, a state controlling
itself within its borders. Since IGOs (intergovernmental organizations) are made up of
states, the idea of sovereignty and the idea of the nation state (established in the
Peace/Treaty of Westphalia in 1648) rapidly developed IGOs.
International INSTITUTION - Answers - RULES.
- They can either be implied or explicit, physical and understood, can be legal and
binding or normatively enforced. We generalize all of these as institutions.
International ORGANIZATIONS - Answers - - Compose both IGOs and NGOs.
- Hard, physical, material structures. Have actual buildings, employees, charters, etc.
International REGIMES - Answers - - Issues that become regime bound.
- Example: Think of free trade. Free trade is a major area of concern in international
politics. Major IGOS (NAFTA, ITO, the World Bank, the IMF) all form around free trade,
yet no one IGO focuses and covers free trade particularly. Free trade, the central
concern, and the IGOs formed around it all make up International Regimes.
What was the Concert of Europe? - Answers - - 1815.
- States involved: AH, Russia, Britain, Prussia, and France.
, - Winners: British, AH, Russia and Prussia VS. France.
- France lost the war. But instead of being isolated from politics, France is included in
future political decisions.
Conference system - Answers - Simple mechanism to avoid another war.
Individual credited for establishing the league of nations - Answers - Woodrow Wilson in
his speech '14 Points'.
At the Paris Peace Conference, the Treaty of Versailles was drafted. What was it? -
Answers - To keep Germany out of the League of Nations. Much of WWI was blamed
on Germany.
Purpose of the League of Nations - Answers - To avoid another massive war.
Idea that the League of Nations was based on and it's goal - Answers - -collective
security. The League was hoping to have universal membership, a condition necessary
for collective security.
Three states that failed to join the League? - Answers - US, USSR, and Germany
(a big problem for collective security).
What were the three incidents that lead to the downfall of the League? - Answers - -
1931 Manchuria, China- Japanese invade. Japan wants to expand, become self-reliant
and provide their own military, want an empire and they think they will get this in China.
Japan targets Manchuria. League condemns the Japanese. Japan withdraws from the
League and collective action never materializes.
- 1935: Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Italy also wanted to expand. League only
has economic sanctions; fear major war with Italy.
- 1938: Rise of Nazi Germany; Appeasement of Hitler at Munich, Sudetenland.
Germany rearms and Hitler withdraws from the League.
Three general weaknesses with the League - Answers - 1.Too legal- forced 'yes' or 'no'
decisions; not at all sensitive to power. It politics, everything is a negotiation, especially
in international politics. Not sensitive to power politics.
2. Too strict; need unanimity that was difficult to obtain. They required unanimous voting
on most security members. Almost had to have all states vote 'yes' before the League
could act. States only agree on parts of something, agreements are rarely ever
unanimous.
3. Membership was never universal. States left, or never were consulted, which makes
this hard for truly collective action.
ANSWERS
What is the difference between an NGO, and IGO, and an IO - Answers - 1. NGO= Non-
governmental organization; made up of individuals; funded by individuals or public
fundraising; examples include Amnesty International, the Roman Catholic Church, etc.
2. IGO= Intergovernmental organization; made up of states; examples include the UN,
EU, NAFTA, etc.
3. IOs= International organizations; include both NGOs and IGOs.
What theory of IR focuses on institiutions - Answers - Neoliberalism. ****
(Realism- "power matters")
(Neorealism- "security matters")
(Liberalism- "cooperation matters")
(Neoliberalism- "institutions matter")
(Constructivism= "ideas matter")
What do international structures/organizations foster? - Answers - Peace and security
What heavily fostered IGOs and international structures/organizations? - Answers - The
idea is sovereignty- 100% statehood, political or territorial autonomy, a state controlling
itself within its borders. Since IGOs (intergovernmental organizations) are made up of
states, the idea of sovereignty and the idea of the nation state (established in the
Peace/Treaty of Westphalia in 1648) rapidly developed IGOs.
International INSTITUTION - Answers - RULES.
- They can either be implied or explicit, physical and understood, can be legal and
binding or normatively enforced. We generalize all of these as institutions.
International ORGANIZATIONS - Answers - - Compose both IGOs and NGOs.
- Hard, physical, material structures. Have actual buildings, employees, charters, etc.
International REGIMES - Answers - - Issues that become regime bound.
- Example: Think of free trade. Free trade is a major area of concern in international
politics. Major IGOS (NAFTA, ITO, the World Bank, the IMF) all form around free trade,
yet no one IGO focuses and covers free trade particularly. Free trade, the central
concern, and the IGOs formed around it all make up International Regimes.
What was the Concert of Europe? - Answers - - 1815.
- States involved: AH, Russia, Britain, Prussia, and France.
, - Winners: British, AH, Russia and Prussia VS. France.
- France lost the war. But instead of being isolated from politics, France is included in
future political decisions.
Conference system - Answers - Simple mechanism to avoid another war.
Individual credited for establishing the league of nations - Answers - Woodrow Wilson in
his speech '14 Points'.
At the Paris Peace Conference, the Treaty of Versailles was drafted. What was it? -
Answers - To keep Germany out of the League of Nations. Much of WWI was blamed
on Germany.
Purpose of the League of Nations - Answers - To avoid another massive war.
Idea that the League of Nations was based on and it's goal - Answers - -collective
security. The League was hoping to have universal membership, a condition necessary
for collective security.
Three states that failed to join the League? - Answers - US, USSR, and Germany
(a big problem for collective security).
What were the three incidents that lead to the downfall of the League? - Answers - -
1931 Manchuria, China- Japanese invade. Japan wants to expand, become self-reliant
and provide their own military, want an empire and they think they will get this in China.
Japan targets Manchuria. League condemns the Japanese. Japan withdraws from the
League and collective action never materializes.
- 1935: Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Italy also wanted to expand. League only
has economic sanctions; fear major war with Italy.
- 1938: Rise of Nazi Germany; Appeasement of Hitler at Munich, Sudetenland.
Germany rearms and Hitler withdraws from the League.
Three general weaknesses with the League - Answers - 1.Too legal- forced 'yes' or 'no'
decisions; not at all sensitive to power. It politics, everything is a negotiation, especially
in international politics. Not sensitive to power politics.
2. Too strict; need unanimity that was difficult to obtain. They required unanimous voting
on most security members. Almost had to have all states vote 'yes' before the League
could act. States only agree on parts of something, agreements are rarely ever
unanimous.
3. Membership was never universal. States left, or never were consulted, which makes
this hard for truly collective action.
