Test of
Visual
Perceptual
Skills
TVPS-4
Beth Lawrence, MA, CCC-SLP
Deena Seifert, MS, CCC-SLP
ATP Assessments
a division of Academic Therapy Publications
3-13-17, proof #5 (all)
,Project Manager: Stacy Frauwirth, MS, OTR / L
Statistics: Justin Reeder, MS
Database Manager: Jill Inglish
Data Entry: Michael Amsler, Jessica Pescini
Production: Deborah Anker, Jim Arena
Cover Design: Jill Zwicky
© 2017, by Academic Therapy Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of
America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
the prior written permission of the publisher.
ATP Assessments
a division of Academic Therapy Publications
20 Leveroni Court
Novato, CA 94949-5746
(800) 422-7249
AcademicTherapy.com
Order Numbers
Test Kit #2041-1
Manual #2042-8
Record Forms #2044-2
Test Plates #2043-5
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-63402-042-8
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
3-13-17, proof #5 (all)
, Contents
Preface ................................................................................................... 5
Introduction to the TVPS-4 .................................................................... 7
Section 1:
Overview of Visual Perception ................................................................ 7
Scheiman’s Model of Visual Information Processing ..................... 8
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory: Visual Processing ............................. 8
Summary ...................................................................................... 9
Visual-Perceptual Skills in Clinical Groups .............................................. 10
Structure of the TVPS-4 ........................................................................... 12
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 12
Section 2: General Testing Considerations .............................................................. 15
Examiner Qualifications .......................................................................... 15
Examinees ............................................................................................... 15
Testing Time ............................................................................................ 16
Testing Environment ................................................................................ 16
Preparing the Examinee for Testing ......................................................... 16
Retesting Intervals ................................................................................... 17
Section 3: Administration and Scoring .................................................................... 19
Determining Chronological Age .............................................................. 19
Starting Points, Basals, and Ceilings ........................................................ 21
General Directions for Administration ..................................................... 21
Recording Responses .............................................................................. 22
Scoring ................................................................................................... 22
TVPS-4 Subtest Instructions ..................................................................... 22
Section 4:
Interpretation ......................................................................................... 29
Obtaining TVPS-4 Scores ........................................................................ 30
Raw Scores .................................................................................. 30
Subtest Scaled Scores ................................................................... 30
Overall Standard Scores ............................................................... 30
Confidence Intervals .................................................................... 31
Percentile Ranks ........................................................................... 32
Age-Equivalent Scores .................................................................. 32
Subtest Comparisons: Difference Scores .................................................. 33
Comparisons to Other Tests ..................................................................... 33
Cautions About Score Interpretation ........................................................ 34
3-13-17, proof #5 (all)
, Section 5: Development ......................................................................................... 35
Item Development ................................................................................. 35
TVPS-4 Norming Version ........................................................................ 35
Item Bias (Differential Item Functioning) ................................................ 36
Section 6: Standardization ..................................................................................... 39
Data Collection ...................................................................................... 39
Standardization Sample Demographics .................................................. 41
Derivation of Norms .............................................................................. 41
Scaled Scores .............................................................................. 43
Standard Scores ........................................................................... 45
Percentile Ranks and Other Derived Scores ................................. 46
Age-Equivalent Scores ................................................................. 46
Difference Scores ........................................................................ 47
Section 7: Reliability .............................................................................................. 49
Internal Consistency ............................................................................... 49
Temporal Stability .................................................................................. 51
Standard Error of Measurement and Intervals ...................... 53
Summary ............................................................................................... 54
Section 8: Validity .................................................................................................. 57
Validity Evidence Based on Content ....................................................... 57
Exploratory Factor Analysis .......................................................... 58
Factor Analysis ....................................................... 58
Validity Evidence Based on Comparisons to Other Assessments ............. 59
Validity Evidence Based on Relations to Other Variables ........................ 62
Conclusion ............................................................................................ 63
References ................................................................................................................ 67
Appendices ................................................................................................................ 75
Appendix A: Participants and Test Sites ....................................................................... 76
Appendix B: Norms Tables ......................................................................................... 78
Table B.1 Subtest Raw Score to Scaled Score Conversion ....................... 78
Table B.2 Sum of Scaled Scores to Standard Score Conversion ............... 90
Table B.3 Conversion of Standard Scores to Other Metrics ..................... 91
Table B.4 Age Equivalents for TVPS-4 Subtest Raw Scores ...................... 92
Table B.5 Age Equivalents for TVPS-4 Overall Raw Scores ...................... 93
Appendix C: Difference Tables ................................................................................... 94
Table C.1 Critical Difference Values for Subtest Scaled Score Comparisons .. 94
Table C.2 Percentage of Sample with Differences in Subtest Scaled Scores .. 96
Visual
Perceptual
Skills
TVPS-4
Beth Lawrence, MA, CCC-SLP
Deena Seifert, MS, CCC-SLP
ATP Assessments
a division of Academic Therapy Publications
3-13-17, proof #5 (all)
,Project Manager: Stacy Frauwirth, MS, OTR / L
Statistics: Justin Reeder, MS
Database Manager: Jill Inglish
Data Entry: Michael Amsler, Jessica Pescini
Production: Deborah Anker, Jim Arena
Cover Design: Jill Zwicky
© 2017, by Academic Therapy Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of
America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
the prior written permission of the publisher.
ATP Assessments
a division of Academic Therapy Publications
20 Leveroni Court
Novato, CA 94949-5746
(800) 422-7249
AcademicTherapy.com
Order Numbers
Test Kit #2041-1
Manual #2042-8
Record Forms #2044-2
Test Plates #2043-5
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-63402-042-8
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
3-13-17, proof #5 (all)
, Contents
Preface ................................................................................................... 5
Introduction to the TVPS-4 .................................................................... 7
Section 1:
Overview of Visual Perception ................................................................ 7
Scheiman’s Model of Visual Information Processing ..................... 8
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory: Visual Processing ............................. 8
Summary ...................................................................................... 9
Visual-Perceptual Skills in Clinical Groups .............................................. 10
Structure of the TVPS-4 ........................................................................... 12
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 12
Section 2: General Testing Considerations .............................................................. 15
Examiner Qualifications .......................................................................... 15
Examinees ............................................................................................... 15
Testing Time ............................................................................................ 16
Testing Environment ................................................................................ 16
Preparing the Examinee for Testing ......................................................... 16
Retesting Intervals ................................................................................... 17
Section 3: Administration and Scoring .................................................................... 19
Determining Chronological Age .............................................................. 19
Starting Points, Basals, and Ceilings ........................................................ 21
General Directions for Administration ..................................................... 21
Recording Responses .............................................................................. 22
Scoring ................................................................................................... 22
TVPS-4 Subtest Instructions ..................................................................... 22
Section 4:
Interpretation ......................................................................................... 29
Obtaining TVPS-4 Scores ........................................................................ 30
Raw Scores .................................................................................. 30
Subtest Scaled Scores ................................................................... 30
Overall Standard Scores ............................................................... 30
Confidence Intervals .................................................................... 31
Percentile Ranks ........................................................................... 32
Age-Equivalent Scores .................................................................. 32
Subtest Comparisons: Difference Scores .................................................. 33
Comparisons to Other Tests ..................................................................... 33
Cautions About Score Interpretation ........................................................ 34
3-13-17, proof #5 (all)
, Section 5: Development ......................................................................................... 35
Item Development ................................................................................. 35
TVPS-4 Norming Version ........................................................................ 35
Item Bias (Differential Item Functioning) ................................................ 36
Section 6: Standardization ..................................................................................... 39
Data Collection ...................................................................................... 39
Standardization Sample Demographics .................................................. 41
Derivation of Norms .............................................................................. 41
Scaled Scores .............................................................................. 43
Standard Scores ........................................................................... 45
Percentile Ranks and Other Derived Scores ................................. 46
Age-Equivalent Scores ................................................................. 46
Difference Scores ........................................................................ 47
Section 7: Reliability .............................................................................................. 49
Internal Consistency ............................................................................... 49
Temporal Stability .................................................................................. 51
Standard Error of Measurement and Intervals ...................... 53
Summary ............................................................................................... 54
Section 8: Validity .................................................................................................. 57
Validity Evidence Based on Content ....................................................... 57
Exploratory Factor Analysis .......................................................... 58
Factor Analysis ....................................................... 58
Validity Evidence Based on Comparisons to Other Assessments ............. 59
Validity Evidence Based on Relations to Other Variables ........................ 62
Conclusion ............................................................................................ 63
References ................................................................................................................ 67
Appendices ................................................................................................................ 75
Appendix A: Participants and Test Sites ....................................................................... 76
Appendix B: Norms Tables ......................................................................................... 78
Table B.1 Subtest Raw Score to Scaled Score Conversion ....................... 78
Table B.2 Sum of Scaled Scores to Standard Score Conversion ............... 90
Table B.3 Conversion of Standard Scores to Other Metrics ..................... 91
Table B.4 Age Equivalents for TVPS-4 Subtest Raw Scores ...................... 92
Table B.5 Age Equivalents for TVPS-4 Overall Raw Scores ...................... 93
Appendix C: Difference Tables ................................................................................... 94
Table C.1 Critical Difference Values for Subtest Scaled Score Comparisons .. 94
Table C.2 Percentage of Sample with Differences in Subtest Scaled Scores .. 96
