EPIB301 Final Exam Questions with Correct
Answers
Hippocrates
first person to believe that diseases had natural causes
Edward Jenner
invented smallpox vaccination
John Snow
performed first epidemiological study with water pumps and cholrea
William Farr
founder of medical statistics
Robert Koch
founder of microbiology
Florence Nightingale
founder of modern nursing
observation
is what it is
variable
must vary
continuous variable
,any value
categorical variables
organized into groups
value
answer to variables
quantitative variable
numbers have meaning
nominal variable
no value to categories
ordinal data
ordered
determinant
causes something else
outcome
result of something
secular trends
things that improve in time
demographic transition
,the shift from high birth and death rates in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates
in industrialized societies
epidemiological transition
the shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases to chronic diseases
demographic and social factors
age, sex, wealth, family structure, race, ethnicity, religion
risk
the probability of an individual developing a specified health outcome over a given period of
time
risk factor
an exposure that is associated with an outcome
primordial prevention
conditions, actions, and measures that minimize health hazards and inhibit factors
primary prevention
prevention before the occurrence of a disease during prepathogenesis
secondary prevention
early diagnosis and prompt treatment of disease and disability
tertiary prevention
restoration of patient to a functional level after disease has occurred
, exposure
any factor that affects a health outcome
acute exposures
occur for a relatively short duration and generally do not repeat
chronic exposures
occur for extended durations and are stable over time
time-varying exposures
may occur intermittently for an extended duration
descriptive epidemiology
to characterize the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population
benefits of descriptive epidemiology
alerts us to new or emerging problems, tells us the extent and severity of the problem, may hint
at potential solutions
analytic epidemiology
to test hypotheses regarding causal associations between exposures and health outcomes
benefits of analytic epidemiology
tells us what could work in solving problems
population
a collection of people who share a common observable characteristic
Answers
Hippocrates
first person to believe that diseases had natural causes
Edward Jenner
invented smallpox vaccination
John Snow
performed first epidemiological study with water pumps and cholrea
William Farr
founder of medical statistics
Robert Koch
founder of microbiology
Florence Nightingale
founder of modern nursing
observation
is what it is
variable
must vary
continuous variable
,any value
categorical variables
organized into groups
value
answer to variables
quantitative variable
numbers have meaning
nominal variable
no value to categories
ordinal data
ordered
determinant
causes something else
outcome
result of something
secular trends
things that improve in time
demographic transition
,the shift from high birth and death rates in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates
in industrialized societies
epidemiological transition
the shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases to chronic diseases
demographic and social factors
age, sex, wealth, family structure, race, ethnicity, religion
risk
the probability of an individual developing a specified health outcome over a given period of
time
risk factor
an exposure that is associated with an outcome
primordial prevention
conditions, actions, and measures that minimize health hazards and inhibit factors
primary prevention
prevention before the occurrence of a disease during prepathogenesis
secondary prevention
early diagnosis and prompt treatment of disease and disability
tertiary prevention
restoration of patient to a functional level after disease has occurred
, exposure
any factor that affects a health outcome
acute exposures
occur for a relatively short duration and generally do not repeat
chronic exposures
occur for extended durations and are stable over time
time-varying exposures
may occur intermittently for an extended duration
descriptive epidemiology
to characterize the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population
benefits of descriptive epidemiology
alerts us to new or emerging problems, tells us the extent and severity of the problem, may hint
at potential solutions
analytic epidemiology
to test hypotheses regarding causal associations between exposures and health outcomes
benefits of analytic epidemiology
tells us what could work in solving problems
population
a collection of people who share a common observable characteristic
