NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW:
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Theffsodium-
potassiumffpumpffmovesff3ffNa⁺ffionsffoutffandff2ffK⁺ffionsffintofftheffcell,ffcreatingffanffelectr
ochemicalffgradientffessentialffforffmembraneffpotential.ff-ffans-✔✔Sodium-
PotassiumffPump
Mitochondriaffareffknownffasfftheff'powerhouse'ffoffftheffcellffduefftofftheirffroleffinffoxidativeff
phosphorylationffandffATPffgeneration.ff-ffans-✔✔Mitochondria
Inffmetabolicffacidosis,ffthereffisffafflossffofffbicarbonatefforffaccumulationffofffacids,fflowerin
gffbothffbicarbonateffandffpH.ff-ffans-✔✔MetabolicffAcidosisffLabffValues
Bffcellsffdifferentiateffintoffplasmaffcellsffwhichffproduceffantibodies,ffcentralfftoffhumoralffim
munity.ff-ffans-✔✔BffLymphocytes
Reversibleffinjuryffoftenffinvolvesfffailureffofffionffpumpsffleadingfftoffwaterffinfluxffandffcellffs
welling.ff-ffans-✔✔HallmarkffofffReversibleffCellularffInjury
IL-
1ffactsffonfftheffhypothalamusfftoffraisefftheffbodyfftemperatureffsetffpoint,ffcausingfffever.ff-
ffans-✔✔Interleukin-1ff(IL-1)
Typeff1ffDMffisffanffautoimmuneffconditionffwhereffT-cellsffdestroyffinsulin-
producingffbetaffcellsffinfftheffpancreas.ff-ffans-✔✔Typeff1ffDiabetesffMellitus
Rednessff(rubor)ffresultsfffromffvasodilationffandffincreasedffbloodffflowfftofftheffinflamedffar
ea.ff-ffans-✔✔CardinalffSignffofffAcuteffInflammation
Trisomyff21ffleadsfftoffDownffsyndrome,ffcharacterizedffbyffdevelopmentalffdelaysffandffdist
inctfffacialfffeatures.ff-ffans-✔✔DownffSyndrome
Infftheffbrain,ffischemicffinjuryffleadsfftoffenzymaticffdigestionffofffdeadffcellsffresultingffinffliq
uefactiveffnecrosis.ff-ffans-✔✔LiquefactiveffNecrosis
IgMffisffthefffirstffantibodyffproducedffandffisffeffectiveffinffagglutinationffandffcomplementffac
tivation.ff-ffans-✔✔IgM
,Oncogenesffareffmutatedffproto-oncogenesffthatffdriveffunregulatedffcellffproliferation.ff-
ffans-✔✔Oncogene
Lowffpotassiumfflevelsffdisturbfftheffcardiacffactionffpotential,ffincreasingfftheffriskffofffarrhyt
hmias.ff-ffans-✔✔Hypokalemia
SLEffinvolvesffimmuneffcomplexffdepositionff(TypeffIII),ffleadingfftoffwidespreadffinflammati
onffandfftissueffdamage.ff-ffans-✔✔TypeffIIIffHypersensitivity
Theffprimaryffmotorffcortex,fflocatedffinffthefffrontalfflobe,ffinitiatesffvoluntaryffmovement.ff-
ffans-✔✔FrontalffLobe
Shockffresultsffinffinadequateffdeliveryffofffoxygenffandffnutrientsfftofftissues,ffcausingffcellul
arffdysfunction.ff-ffans-✔✔Impairedfftissueffperfusion
Asthmaffinvolvesffhyperresponsiveness,ffsmoothffmuscleffconstriction,ffandffincreasedffmu
cus,ffnarrowingfftheffairway.ff-ffans-✔✔Bronchoconstrictionffandffmucusffproduction
Apoptosisffisffanfforderlyffprocessffforffremovingffdamagedfforffunneededffcellsffwithoutffinfl
ammation.ff-ffans-✔✔Apoptosis
Plaqueffruptureffleadsfftoffthrombusffformation,ffblockingffcoronaryffarteriesffandffcausingffin
farction.ff-ffans-✔✔Atheroscleroticffplaqueffrupture
Creatinineffisffaffwasteffproductfffilteredffbyfftheffkidneys;ffelevatedfflevelsffsuggestffimpaire
dffrenalfffunction.ff-ffans-✔✔Serumffcreatinine
AldosteroneffpromotesffNa⁺ffreabsorptionffandffK⁺fflossffinfftheffdistalffnephronfftoffincreasef
fbloodffvolume.ff-ffans-✔✔Aldosterone
Hypovolemicffshockffoccursffwhenffbloodfforfffluidfflossffreducesffpreloadffandffcardiacffoutp
ut.ff-ffans-✔✔Hypovolemicffshock
Stretchingffofffmyocardialfffibersffimprovesffcontractileffforce,ffincreasingffoutput.ff-ffans-
✔✔Frank-Starlingfflawffoffftheffheart
LDLffcontributesfftoffplaqueffformationffinffarterialffwalls,ffpromotingffatherosclerosis.ff-ffans-
✔✔ElevatedffLDLffcholesterol
Left-
sidedfffailureffbacksffupffbloodffintoffthefflungs,ffcausingfffluidffaccumulationffandffrespiratory
ffsymptoms.ff-ffans-✔✔Pulmonaryffedema
PTHffincreasesffserumffcalciumffbyffactingffonffbones,ffkidneys,ffandffintestines.ff-ffans-
✔✔Parathyroidffhormoneff(PTH)
, MSffinvolvesffimmune-
mediatedffdestructionffofffmyelinffinfftheffCNS,ffimpairingffnerveffconduction.ff-ffans-
✔✔DemyelinationffofffCNSffneurons
Parkinson'sffresultsfffromffdegenerationffofffdopaminergicffneurons,ffaffectingffmovement.ff
-ffans-✔✔Parkinson'sffdisease
Kidneysfffailfftoffproducefferythropoietin,ffreducingffRBCffsynthesisffinfftheffboneffmarrow.ff-
ffans-✔✔Decreasedfferythropoietinffproduction
COPDffcausesfflossffofffelasticffrecoilffandffobstruction,ffleadingfftoffairffretentionffandffbarrel
ffchest.ff-ffans-✔✔Airfftrappingffandffhyperinflation
H.ffpyloriffdisruptsfftheffmucosalffbarrierffandffinducesffinflammation,ffpromotingffulcerffform
ation.ff-ffans-✔✔Helicobacterffpyloriffinfection
HepatitisffAffspreadsffviaffcontaminatedfffood/waterffandfftypicallyffcausesffacute,ffself-
limitedffillness.ff-ffans-✔✔HepatitisffA
Chronicffliverffdamageffleadsfftoffscarringffandffnodules,ffimpairingffliverfffunctionffandffcircul
ation.ff-ffans-✔✔Fibrosisffandffnodularffregenerationffofffliverfftissue
Excessffcortisolffleadsfftoffcharacteristicfffatffdistributionffandffotherffsystemicffeffects.ff-
ffans-✔✔Moonfffaceffandffcentralffobesity
ADHffdeficiencyffcausesfflargeffvolumesffofffdiluteffurineffandffriskffofffdehydration.ff-ffans-
✔✔Antidiureticffhormoneff(ADH)
ElevatedffT3/T4ffandffsuppressedffTSH.ff-ffans-✔✔Grave'sffdiseasefflabfffinding
Anffautoimmuneffhyperthyroidism;ffthyroidffhormoneffisffhigh,ffandfffeedbackffsuppressesff
TSH.ff-ffans-✔✔Grave'sffdisease
Hyponatremiaffandffhyperkalemia.ff-ffans-✔✔ElectrolyteffimbalanceffinffAddison'sffdisease
LowffaldosteroneffinffAddison'sffleadsfftoffsodiumfflossffandffpotassiumffretention.ff-ffans-
✔✔AldosteroneffinffAddison's
Massiveffproteinuria.ff-ffans-✔✔Hallmarkffofffnephroticffsyndrome
Increasedffglomerularffpermeability,ffleadingfftoffproteinfflossffinffurine.ff-ffans-
✔✔Nephroticffsyndromefffeatures
Metabolicffalkalosis.ff-ffans-✔✔Acid-baseffimbalancefffromffvomiting
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Theffsodium-
potassiumffpumpffmovesff3ffNa⁺ffionsffoutffandff2ffK⁺ffionsffintofftheffcell,ffcreatingffanffelectr
ochemicalffgradientffessentialffforffmembraneffpotential.ff-ffans-✔✔Sodium-
PotassiumffPump
Mitochondriaffareffknownffasfftheff'powerhouse'ffoffftheffcellffduefftofftheirffroleffinffoxidativeff
phosphorylationffandffATPffgeneration.ff-ffans-✔✔Mitochondria
Inffmetabolicffacidosis,ffthereffisffafflossffofffbicarbonatefforffaccumulationffofffacids,fflowerin
gffbothffbicarbonateffandffpH.ff-ffans-✔✔MetabolicffAcidosisffLabffValues
Bffcellsffdifferentiateffintoffplasmaffcellsffwhichffproduceffantibodies,ffcentralfftoffhumoralffim
munity.ff-ffans-✔✔BffLymphocytes
Reversibleffinjuryffoftenffinvolvesfffailureffofffionffpumpsffleadingfftoffwaterffinfluxffandffcellffs
welling.ff-ffans-✔✔HallmarkffofffReversibleffCellularffInjury
IL-
1ffactsffonfftheffhypothalamusfftoffraisefftheffbodyfftemperatureffsetffpoint,ffcausingfffever.ff-
ffans-✔✔Interleukin-1ff(IL-1)
Typeff1ffDMffisffanffautoimmuneffconditionffwhereffT-cellsffdestroyffinsulin-
producingffbetaffcellsffinfftheffpancreas.ff-ffans-✔✔Typeff1ffDiabetesffMellitus
Rednessff(rubor)ffresultsfffromffvasodilationffandffincreasedffbloodffflowfftofftheffinflamedffar
ea.ff-ffans-✔✔CardinalffSignffofffAcuteffInflammation
Trisomyff21ffleadsfftoffDownffsyndrome,ffcharacterizedffbyffdevelopmentalffdelaysffandffdist
inctfffacialfffeatures.ff-ffans-✔✔DownffSyndrome
Infftheffbrain,ffischemicffinjuryffleadsfftoffenzymaticffdigestionffofffdeadffcellsffresultingffinffliq
uefactiveffnecrosis.ff-ffans-✔✔LiquefactiveffNecrosis
IgMffisffthefffirstffantibodyffproducedffandffisffeffectiveffinffagglutinationffandffcomplementffac
tivation.ff-ffans-✔✔IgM
,Oncogenesffareffmutatedffproto-oncogenesffthatffdriveffunregulatedffcellffproliferation.ff-
ffans-✔✔Oncogene
Lowffpotassiumfflevelsffdisturbfftheffcardiacffactionffpotential,ffincreasingfftheffriskffofffarrhyt
hmias.ff-ffans-✔✔Hypokalemia
SLEffinvolvesffimmuneffcomplexffdepositionff(TypeffIII),ffleadingfftoffwidespreadffinflammati
onffandfftissueffdamage.ff-ffans-✔✔TypeffIIIffHypersensitivity
Theffprimaryffmotorffcortex,fflocatedffinffthefffrontalfflobe,ffinitiatesffvoluntaryffmovement.ff-
ffans-✔✔FrontalffLobe
Shockffresultsffinffinadequateffdeliveryffofffoxygenffandffnutrientsfftofftissues,ffcausingffcellul
arffdysfunction.ff-ffans-✔✔Impairedfftissueffperfusion
Asthmaffinvolvesffhyperresponsiveness,ffsmoothffmuscleffconstriction,ffandffincreasedffmu
cus,ffnarrowingfftheffairway.ff-ffans-✔✔Bronchoconstrictionffandffmucusffproduction
Apoptosisffisffanfforderlyffprocessffforffremovingffdamagedfforffunneededffcellsffwithoutffinfl
ammation.ff-ffans-✔✔Apoptosis
Plaqueffruptureffleadsfftoffthrombusffformation,ffblockingffcoronaryffarteriesffandffcausingffin
farction.ff-ffans-✔✔Atheroscleroticffplaqueffrupture
Creatinineffisffaffwasteffproductfffilteredffbyfftheffkidneys;ffelevatedfflevelsffsuggestffimpaire
dffrenalfffunction.ff-ffans-✔✔Serumffcreatinine
AldosteroneffpromotesffNa⁺ffreabsorptionffandffK⁺fflossffinfftheffdistalffnephronfftoffincreasef
fbloodffvolume.ff-ffans-✔✔Aldosterone
Hypovolemicffshockffoccursffwhenffbloodfforfffluidfflossffreducesffpreloadffandffcardiacffoutp
ut.ff-ffans-✔✔Hypovolemicffshock
Stretchingffofffmyocardialfffibersffimprovesffcontractileffforce,ffincreasingffoutput.ff-ffans-
✔✔Frank-Starlingfflawffoffftheffheart
LDLffcontributesfftoffplaqueffformationffinffarterialffwalls,ffpromotingffatherosclerosis.ff-ffans-
✔✔ElevatedffLDLffcholesterol
Left-
sidedfffailureffbacksffupffbloodffintoffthefflungs,ffcausingfffluidffaccumulationffandffrespiratory
ffsymptoms.ff-ffans-✔✔Pulmonaryffedema
PTHffincreasesffserumffcalciumffbyffactingffonffbones,ffkidneys,ffandffintestines.ff-ffans-
✔✔Parathyroidffhormoneff(PTH)
, MSffinvolvesffimmune-
mediatedffdestructionffofffmyelinffinfftheffCNS,ffimpairingffnerveffconduction.ff-ffans-
✔✔DemyelinationffofffCNSffneurons
Parkinson'sffresultsfffromffdegenerationffofffdopaminergicffneurons,ffaffectingffmovement.ff
-ffans-✔✔Parkinson'sffdisease
Kidneysfffailfftoffproducefferythropoietin,ffreducingffRBCffsynthesisffinfftheffboneffmarrow.ff-
ffans-✔✔Decreasedfferythropoietinffproduction
COPDffcausesfflossffofffelasticffrecoilffandffobstruction,ffleadingfftoffairffretentionffandffbarrel
ffchest.ff-ffans-✔✔Airfftrappingffandffhyperinflation
H.ffpyloriffdisruptsfftheffmucosalffbarrierffandffinducesffinflammation,ffpromotingffulcerffform
ation.ff-ffans-✔✔Helicobacterffpyloriffinfection
HepatitisffAffspreadsffviaffcontaminatedfffood/waterffandfftypicallyffcausesffacute,ffself-
limitedffillness.ff-ffans-✔✔HepatitisffA
Chronicffliverffdamageffleadsfftoffscarringffandffnodules,ffimpairingffliverfffunctionffandffcircul
ation.ff-ffans-✔✔Fibrosisffandffnodularffregenerationffofffliverfftissue
Excessffcortisolffleadsfftoffcharacteristicfffatffdistributionffandffotherffsystemicffeffects.ff-
ffans-✔✔Moonfffaceffandffcentralffobesity
ADHffdeficiencyffcausesfflargeffvolumesffofffdiluteffurineffandffriskffofffdehydration.ff-ffans-
✔✔Antidiureticffhormoneff(ADH)
ElevatedffT3/T4ffandffsuppressedffTSH.ff-ffans-✔✔Grave'sffdiseasefflabfffinding
Anffautoimmuneffhyperthyroidism;ffthyroidffhormoneffisffhigh,ffandfffeedbackffsuppressesff
TSH.ff-ffans-✔✔Grave'sffdisease
Hyponatremiaffandffhyperkalemia.ff-ffans-✔✔ElectrolyteffimbalanceffinffAddison'sffdisease
LowffaldosteroneffinffAddison'sffleadsfftoffsodiumfflossffandffpotassiumffretention.ff-ffans-
✔✔AldosteroneffinffAddison's
Massiveffproteinuria.ff-ffans-✔✔Hallmarkffofffnephroticffsyndrome
Increasedffglomerularffpermeability,ffleadingfftoffproteinfflossffinffurine.ff-ffans-
✔✔Nephroticffsyndromefffeatures
Metabolicffalkalosis.ff-ffans-✔✔Acid-baseffimbalancefffromffvomiting
