USA Pharm Exam Latest Verified
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,MIC - correct ans:-minimum inhibitory concentration--lowest conc of antibacterial agent that inhibits
growth of standard inoculum of specific organism
MBC - correct ans:-minimum bactericidal concentration--lowest conc of an antibacterial agent that
produces a 1000-fold reduction in organisms from an original inoculum
concentration dependence - correct ans:-conc--rate and extent of bactericidal activity inc w/ drug conc;
inc efficacy and dec selection of resistant bacteria
time dependence - correct ans:-bactericidal activity does not inc w/ increased concentrations above
MBC
-agent is bactericidal as long as conc > MBC
postantibiotic effect (PAE) - correct ans:-persistent suppression of bacterial growth after limited
exposure to an antibacterial agent; most likely
represents an extension of the lag phase of bacterial growth
other aspects of PAE in addition to suppression of bacterial growth - correct ans:-postantibiotic
leukocyte enhancement (PALE) due to inc bacterial susceptibility to actions of neutrophils
-subinhibitory drug conc result in altered bacterial morphology and dec growth rate
ABX synergy - correct ans:-combination of 2 agents produces a dec in colony counts that is 100-fold
lower than when either agent used alone
ABX antagonism - correct ans:-effect of combination is less than the added effects from the 2 individual
drugs
ABX definitive therapy - correct ans:-use of narrowest-spectrum, least expensive drug to which the
organism is susceptible
3 major sign/symptoms of microbial infection - correct ans:1.fever
2.elevated WBC count
, 3.pain and inflammation
typical alterations of WBC count in bacterial infection - correct ans:-elevated granulocyte counts
(neutrophils, basophils)
-inc bands in peripheral blood smear (left-shift)
typical alterations of WBC count in viral and fungal infection - correct ans:Relative lymphocytosis, even
with normal or slightly elevated total WBC counts, is generally associated with viral or fungal infections
3 reasons for using combination antimicrobial drug therapy - correct ans:Combinations of antimicrobials
are generally used to broaden the spectrum of coverage for empiric therapy, achieve synergistic activity
against the infecting organism, and prevent the emergence of resistance
2 major disadvantages of combination therapy - correct ans:-combination can be antagonistic
-inc toxicity
Describe the clinical situations in which increased spectrum of activity using combination therapy is
necessary - correct ans:-often necessary in mixed infections
-nosocomial infections
Describe the clinical situations in which use of combinations prevents emergence of resistance - correct
ans:-has been successful in cases of TB and HIV
Identify the major reasons for failure of antimicrobial therapy - correct ans:-Failures caused by drug
selection--malabsorption of drug due to GI dz or drug interaction; accelerated drug elimination;
inactivation of antimicrobial agents by other drugs; poor penetration into the site of infection
-failures caused by host factors--immunosuppressed pts may respond poorly; necessity for abscess
drainage and removal of FO and necrotic tissue
-failure caused by microorganisms--development of drug resistance during tx
Explain why bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents should not be used for the same infection - correct
ans:inhibition of bactericidal activity by static agents:
Version And Frequently tested With
Expected real Questions With Well
Elaborated Correct Answers GRADED
A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
Proctored Exam Assistance
Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
Exam Preparation & Study Materials
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Discussion Posts and Replies
,MIC - correct ans:-minimum inhibitory concentration--lowest conc of antibacterial agent that inhibits
growth of standard inoculum of specific organism
MBC - correct ans:-minimum bactericidal concentration--lowest conc of an antibacterial agent that
produces a 1000-fold reduction in organisms from an original inoculum
concentration dependence - correct ans:-conc--rate and extent of bactericidal activity inc w/ drug conc;
inc efficacy and dec selection of resistant bacteria
time dependence - correct ans:-bactericidal activity does not inc w/ increased concentrations above
MBC
-agent is bactericidal as long as conc > MBC
postantibiotic effect (PAE) - correct ans:-persistent suppression of bacterial growth after limited
exposure to an antibacterial agent; most likely
represents an extension of the lag phase of bacterial growth
other aspects of PAE in addition to suppression of bacterial growth - correct ans:-postantibiotic
leukocyte enhancement (PALE) due to inc bacterial susceptibility to actions of neutrophils
-subinhibitory drug conc result in altered bacterial morphology and dec growth rate
ABX synergy - correct ans:-combination of 2 agents produces a dec in colony counts that is 100-fold
lower than when either agent used alone
ABX antagonism - correct ans:-effect of combination is less than the added effects from the 2 individual
drugs
ABX definitive therapy - correct ans:-use of narrowest-spectrum, least expensive drug to which the
organism is susceptible
3 major sign/symptoms of microbial infection - correct ans:1.fever
2.elevated WBC count
, 3.pain and inflammation
typical alterations of WBC count in bacterial infection - correct ans:-elevated granulocyte counts
(neutrophils, basophils)
-inc bands in peripheral blood smear (left-shift)
typical alterations of WBC count in viral and fungal infection - correct ans:Relative lymphocytosis, even
with normal or slightly elevated total WBC counts, is generally associated with viral or fungal infections
3 reasons for using combination antimicrobial drug therapy - correct ans:Combinations of antimicrobials
are generally used to broaden the spectrum of coverage for empiric therapy, achieve synergistic activity
against the infecting organism, and prevent the emergence of resistance
2 major disadvantages of combination therapy - correct ans:-combination can be antagonistic
-inc toxicity
Describe the clinical situations in which increased spectrum of activity using combination therapy is
necessary - correct ans:-often necessary in mixed infections
-nosocomial infections
Describe the clinical situations in which use of combinations prevents emergence of resistance - correct
ans:-has been successful in cases of TB and HIV
Identify the major reasons for failure of antimicrobial therapy - correct ans:-Failures caused by drug
selection--malabsorption of drug due to GI dz or drug interaction; accelerated drug elimination;
inactivation of antimicrobial agents by other drugs; poor penetration into the site of infection
-failures caused by host factors--immunosuppressed pts may respond poorly; necessity for abscess
drainage and removal of FO and necrotic tissue
-failure caused by microorganisms--development of drug resistance during tx
Explain why bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents should not be used for the same infection - correct
ans:inhibition of bactericidal activity by static agents:
