NR569 Midterm 2026 Exam
Questions and Correct
Answers | New Update
How is sensitivity calculated? - ANSWER ✔✔Sensitivity = TP (true
positives) / (TP + FN) false negatives
How is specificity calculated? - ANSWER ✔✔Specificity = TN (true
negatives) / (TN + FP) false positives
What does sensitivity refer to in testing? - ANSWER ✔✔The ability to
correctly identify patients who HAVE a disease.
What does specificity refer to in testing? - ANSWER ✔✔The ability to
recognize patients who DO NOT have a disease.
,What does 'SPIN and SNOUT' mean? - ANSWER ✔✔SPIN =
Specific test rule IN disease; SNOUT = Sensitive test rule OUT.
What does the SNAPPS method stand for? - ANSWER ✔✔S:
Summarize, N: Narrow, A: Analyze, P: Probe, P: Plan, S: Select.
What is the role of differential diagnosis? - ANSWER ✔✔To
distinguish between conditions that share similar signs and symptoms.
What types of data are gathered for differential diagnosis? -
ANSWER ✔✔Subjective data (PMH) and objective data (physical
examination).
What are the components of the ventilatory pump? - ANSWER
✔✔Peripheral nerves, muscles of ventilation, supporting skeleton,
pleura, and airways.
What do central chemoreceptors respond to? - ANSWER
✔✔Alterations in PCO2 and pH.
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? - ANSWER ✔✔In the
aortic arch and carotid bodies.
What do mechanoreceptors detect? - ANSWER ✔✔Alterations in
pressure, flow, and volume of the respiratory system.
,What do irritant receptors do? - ANSWER ✔✔Detect irritants in the
lungs and stimulate breathing.
What is the purpose of the ventilatory pump? - ANSWER ✔✔To move
air from outside the body to the alveoli.
What is the recommended resource for interviewing skills? -
ANSWER ✔✔Bates' guide to physical examination and history taking.
What chapter covers diagnostic reasoning in the recommended
resource? - ANSWER ✔✔Chapter 8: Diagnostic Reasoning and
Decision Making.
What activates J receptors? - ANSWER ✔✔Interstitial edema
What activates C-fibers? - ANSWER ✔✔Inflammation and acute
changes in pulmonary artery pressure
Where are metaboreceptors located? - ANSWER ✔✔In skeletal
muscle, activated by changes in metabolic rate during exercise
What do chemoreceptors respond to? - ANSWER ✔✔Hypoxemia,
acute hypercapnia, and acidemia
What is a common cause of recurrent dyspnea in children? -
ANSWER ✔✔Asthma
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, What are associated symptoms of asthma? - ANSWER ✔✔Cough,
especially indicating asthmatic bronchitis
What aggravates asthma symptoms? - ANSWER ✔✔Allergens,
exercise, noxious fumes, respiratory tract infections, recumbency,
exposure to cold, beta blockers
What are the physical findings in asthma? - ANSWER ✔✔Bilateral
wheezing, sibilant whistling sounds, prolonged expiration
What diagnostic study results indicate asthma? - ANSWER
✔✔Decreased PFR, decreased MVV, increased TV, pre/post-
bronchodilator evidence of reversible airway obstruction (>10%)
Who is at risk for pulmonary embolism? - ANSWER ✔✔Women using
birth control, post-operative patients, those with long-term recumbency,
phlebitis, and postpartum patients
What are the associated symptoms of pulmonary embolism? -
ANSWER ✔✔Pleuritic chest pain, faintness, loss of consciousness,
cough, hemoptysis, swollen painful legs
What physical findings are associated with pulmonary embolism? -
ANSWER ✔✔Tachypnea, peripheral cyanosis, low blood pressure,
Questions and Correct
Answers | New Update
How is sensitivity calculated? - ANSWER ✔✔Sensitivity = TP (true
positives) / (TP + FN) false negatives
How is specificity calculated? - ANSWER ✔✔Specificity = TN (true
negatives) / (TN + FP) false positives
What does sensitivity refer to in testing? - ANSWER ✔✔The ability to
correctly identify patients who HAVE a disease.
What does specificity refer to in testing? - ANSWER ✔✔The ability to
recognize patients who DO NOT have a disease.
,What does 'SPIN and SNOUT' mean? - ANSWER ✔✔SPIN =
Specific test rule IN disease; SNOUT = Sensitive test rule OUT.
What does the SNAPPS method stand for? - ANSWER ✔✔S:
Summarize, N: Narrow, A: Analyze, P: Probe, P: Plan, S: Select.
What is the role of differential diagnosis? - ANSWER ✔✔To
distinguish between conditions that share similar signs and symptoms.
What types of data are gathered for differential diagnosis? -
ANSWER ✔✔Subjective data (PMH) and objective data (physical
examination).
What are the components of the ventilatory pump? - ANSWER
✔✔Peripheral nerves, muscles of ventilation, supporting skeleton,
pleura, and airways.
What do central chemoreceptors respond to? - ANSWER
✔✔Alterations in PCO2 and pH.
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? - ANSWER ✔✔In the
aortic arch and carotid bodies.
What do mechanoreceptors detect? - ANSWER ✔✔Alterations in
pressure, flow, and volume of the respiratory system.
,What do irritant receptors do? - ANSWER ✔✔Detect irritants in the
lungs and stimulate breathing.
What is the purpose of the ventilatory pump? - ANSWER ✔✔To move
air from outside the body to the alveoli.
What is the recommended resource for interviewing skills? -
ANSWER ✔✔Bates' guide to physical examination and history taking.
What chapter covers diagnostic reasoning in the recommended
resource? - ANSWER ✔✔Chapter 8: Diagnostic Reasoning and
Decision Making.
What activates J receptors? - ANSWER ✔✔Interstitial edema
What activates C-fibers? - ANSWER ✔✔Inflammation and acute
changes in pulmonary artery pressure
Where are metaboreceptors located? - ANSWER ✔✔In skeletal
muscle, activated by changes in metabolic rate during exercise
What do chemoreceptors respond to? - ANSWER ✔✔Hypoxemia,
acute hypercapnia, and acidemia
What is a common cause of recurrent dyspnea in children? -
ANSWER ✔✔Asthma
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, What are associated symptoms of asthma? - ANSWER ✔✔Cough,
especially indicating asthmatic bronchitis
What aggravates asthma symptoms? - ANSWER ✔✔Allergens,
exercise, noxious fumes, respiratory tract infections, recumbency,
exposure to cold, beta blockers
What are the physical findings in asthma? - ANSWER ✔✔Bilateral
wheezing, sibilant whistling sounds, prolonged expiration
What diagnostic study results indicate asthma? - ANSWER
✔✔Decreased PFR, decreased MVV, increased TV, pre/post-
bronchodilator evidence of reversible airway obstruction (>10%)
Who is at risk for pulmonary embolism? - ANSWER ✔✔Women using
birth control, post-operative patients, those with long-term recumbency,
phlebitis, and postpartum patients
What are the associated symptoms of pulmonary embolism? -
ANSWER ✔✔Pleuritic chest pain, faintness, loss of consciousness,
cough, hemoptysis, swollen painful legs
What physical findings are associated with pulmonary embolism? -
ANSWER ✔✔Tachypnea, peripheral cyanosis, low blood pressure,
