Employment Law – Study Guide, Practice Questions & Legal Exam Review
2026
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
1) Who does it cover
2) what entities does it apply to
3) what entities are exempt
4) what commission did it create - ANS ✔✔1) Covers color, national orgin, race, religion, and sex
Does NOT protect against disability
Memory Spark: CNRRS
2) Applies to:
---- all public & private employers with 15+ employees
---- public & private educational institutions
---- Federal, State and Local Governments
---- public & private employment agencies
---- labor unions with 15+ members
---- joint labor-management committees
3) EXEMPT
-- Government owned corps.
-- Indian Tribes
-- Bona fide private membership clubs
4) Created the EEOC
,5) Reverse Discrimination is illegal under Title VII, you can not hire people with lower skills just
to fill a quota
Title VII: Sexual Harassment
* what are two ways to define sexual harassment - ANS ✔✔* Time limit to file a sexual
harassment claim is 180 days
* harassment on the basis of sex that:
-- interferes with an employee's performance
-- creates an intimidating or hostile work environment.
* Orgs have a legal obligation to maintain a work environment free of harassment
Unlawful Workplace Harassment
* what 3 laws does harassment fall under
* what types of people are protected from harassment - ANS ✔✔* Form of employee
discrimination that violates Title VII, ADEA and ADA
* Can be based on race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (older
than 40), disability or genetic information.
Memory Spark: Title 7 plus A, D, G
Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment - ANS ✔✔* "This for that"
* Most obvious type of sexual harassment
* Sexual favors in exchange for a tangible employment action (promotion, raise, demotion, etc.)
,Hostile Work Environment
* Who does hostile work environment take place between - 2 scenarios - ANS ✔✔* Sexual or
other Discriminatory conduct that does not result in a tangible employment action
* Supervisor - Sexual harassment does NOT have to result in tangible employment action
* Non-supervisor - Sexual harassment between co-workers, or between employee and non-
employee
Hostile Work Environment - Harassment
* what are 3 behaviors that create a hostile work environment - ANS ✔✔* Interferes with
employee's performance
* Creates intimating or humiliating environment
* Affects employees emotional and psychological well-being
Hostile Work Environment - Sexual Harassment
* must be: - ANS ✔✔* Sexual in nature
* Severe or pervasive
* Unwelcome
Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA)
* what is it
* which law did it amend - ANS ✔✔* Required employers provide equal pay for "substantially
equal" work, regardless of sex. (equal: skills, effort, responsibility, working conditions in the
same establishment)
, * Employers can pay men & women differently for substantially equal work as long as the
difference is not based on gender
-- ex. seniority, performance, working in different locations
* Employer cannot reduce the wages of either sex to equalize pay
* Covers all types of pay
-- salary
-- overtime
-- bonuses
-- pay for time not worked
-- stock options
-- profit sharing plans
* Amended Title VII in 1972
* Amended FLSA
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 (PDA)
* what is it
* what 3 stages are covered
* who must pregnant employees be treated like
* what law did it amend - ANS ✔✔* Prohibits sex discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth,
or related medical conditions
* Employer cannot refuse to hire a pregnant woman because of her pregnancy
2026
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
1) Who does it cover
2) what entities does it apply to
3) what entities are exempt
4) what commission did it create - ANS ✔✔1) Covers color, national orgin, race, religion, and sex
Does NOT protect against disability
Memory Spark: CNRRS
2) Applies to:
---- all public & private employers with 15+ employees
---- public & private educational institutions
---- Federal, State and Local Governments
---- public & private employment agencies
---- labor unions with 15+ members
---- joint labor-management committees
3) EXEMPT
-- Government owned corps.
-- Indian Tribes
-- Bona fide private membership clubs
4) Created the EEOC
,5) Reverse Discrimination is illegal under Title VII, you can not hire people with lower skills just
to fill a quota
Title VII: Sexual Harassment
* what are two ways to define sexual harassment - ANS ✔✔* Time limit to file a sexual
harassment claim is 180 days
* harassment on the basis of sex that:
-- interferes with an employee's performance
-- creates an intimidating or hostile work environment.
* Orgs have a legal obligation to maintain a work environment free of harassment
Unlawful Workplace Harassment
* what 3 laws does harassment fall under
* what types of people are protected from harassment - ANS ✔✔* Form of employee
discrimination that violates Title VII, ADEA and ADA
* Can be based on race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (older
than 40), disability or genetic information.
Memory Spark: Title 7 plus A, D, G
Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment - ANS ✔✔* "This for that"
* Most obvious type of sexual harassment
* Sexual favors in exchange for a tangible employment action (promotion, raise, demotion, etc.)
,Hostile Work Environment
* Who does hostile work environment take place between - 2 scenarios - ANS ✔✔* Sexual or
other Discriminatory conduct that does not result in a tangible employment action
* Supervisor - Sexual harassment does NOT have to result in tangible employment action
* Non-supervisor - Sexual harassment between co-workers, or between employee and non-
employee
Hostile Work Environment - Harassment
* what are 3 behaviors that create a hostile work environment - ANS ✔✔* Interferes with
employee's performance
* Creates intimating or humiliating environment
* Affects employees emotional and psychological well-being
Hostile Work Environment - Sexual Harassment
* must be: - ANS ✔✔* Sexual in nature
* Severe or pervasive
* Unwelcome
Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA)
* what is it
* which law did it amend - ANS ✔✔* Required employers provide equal pay for "substantially
equal" work, regardless of sex. (equal: skills, effort, responsibility, working conditions in the
same establishment)
, * Employers can pay men & women differently for substantially equal work as long as the
difference is not based on gender
-- ex. seniority, performance, working in different locations
* Employer cannot reduce the wages of either sex to equalize pay
* Covers all types of pay
-- salary
-- overtime
-- bonuses
-- pay for time not worked
-- stock options
-- profit sharing plans
* Amended Title VII in 1972
* Amended FLSA
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 (PDA)
* what is it
* what 3 stages are covered
* who must pregnant employees be treated like
* what law did it amend - ANS ✔✔* Prohibits sex discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth,
or related medical conditions
* Employer cannot refuse to hire a pregnant woman because of her pregnancy
