SPCE 630 Research Approaches in Applied Settings Exam Questions And Answers Graded A+

Research is the _________ investigation and ________ of variables to identify associations and understand processes that occur in typical contexts - correct answers __________ involves systematic investigation related to the pursuit of knowledge in _______ realms or to solve real-world problems - correct answers Applied research Applied research is most interested in determining the _________ between independent and dependent variables - correct answers relation ________ are the variables manipulated by researchers - correct answers independent ____________ are the variables we expect to change given the manipulation - correct answers dependent Applied research focuses on specific problems of __________ and _________ in schools, clinics, and communities while also making a _______ impact on clients and consumers - correct answers learning reinforcement direct ____________ are well suited to answer applied problems that have been acknowledged for decades - correct answers single case designs (SCD's) Interventions found to be _________ in research rich controlled settings may __________ be able to be carried out at the same level of _________, thus affecting the outcome of the intervention - correct answers effective not fidelity When studies ensure that outcomes are related to your intervention procedures rather than extraneous factors, the study is said to have _________ - correct answers internal validity ___________ shows that the experimental procedures (intervention) and only the experimental procedures are responsible for the behavior change - correct answers experimental control When the change in the dependent variable is casually related to the implementation of the independent variable, the study is said to have __________ - correct answers functional relation _________ refers to the intervention procedures that have been _______ verified as being __________ for changing specific behaviors - correct answers Evidence based practice scientifically effective _____________ is "A curriculum, behavioral intervention, systems change, or educational approach designed to be used by facilities, educators, or students with the express expectation that implementation will results in measurable educational, social, behavioral, or physical benefit" - correct answers practice The research ________ should determine the research __________ (group, single case, or qualitative) and __________ chosen - correct answers question method design The consistency of defining the target behavior clearly and concisely that way 2 observers consistently agree on scoring is known as __________________ - correct answers reliability ____________ is at the heart of the scientific method - correct answers replication Experimental studies include: 1. ________________________________ 2. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________ - correct answers 1. descriptions of the target behaviors 2. predictions regarding what impact the independent variable will have on the dependent variables 3. appropriate tests to see if the prediction is correct Variables other than the planned independent variable that could result in changes in the dependent variable are ____________ - correct answers threats to internal validity Experimental group design studies ___________ assign participants to a study conditions (ex. ________ group or ____________) - correct answers randomly experimental control Quasi-experimental group design studies do __________ use __________ assignment of participants but other strategies to control for differences (ex. __________________ or ___________) - correct answers not random counterbalancing techniques participant matching In experimental designs, if the prediction "proves" ___________, it is said there is a ___________ relation between the __________ and ___________ variables - correct answers true functional independent and dependent Correlational studies have no _____________ of the _____________ variable by the investigator - correct answers manipulation independent ___________ approaches are generally based in natural ___________ and are characterized by attempting to ______________ that can be __________ to a group given certain characteristics - correct answers Nomothetic sciences explain associations generalized ____________ approaches are common in the _____________, and attempt to specify ____________ that vary based on certain characteristics or __________ present for the participants or case of interest - correct answers Idiographic humanities associations contingencies It is fundamental logic that _________ assigned to each study _________ are equivalent on "________" characteristics or status variables (ex. _________, ___________, ________, etc.) - correct answers groups condition key chronological age, gender, ethnicity, test scores Group comparison design _____________ be_________ to the individual - correct answers ? Qualitative research is an "___________" term that refers to a number of ____________ research approaches that investigate the quality of __________, _________, ___________, or _____________ - correct answers umbrella descriptive relationships, activities, situations, or materials Case study approach entails an ____________ and detailed __________ of one or more cases - correct answers in-depth description ___________ refers to the study of __________, in which the investigator unobtrusively observes people in their ________ setting without an attempt to influence their behavior or event - correct answers ethnography culture natural ________ is the study of people's ________ and perceptions of a particular event of situation - correct answers phenomenology reactions Deductive analysis is when a _______ is formulated prior to _______ a study to test a _____________ - correct answers hypothesis conducting theory Inductive analysis is when researchers ________ data and _________ themes or ________ in the data without offering a theory - correct answers collect describe trends _________ is accuracy and _____ is consistency - correct answers validity reliability Single Case Design is a ___________ experimental research approach in which study participants serve as their own _________ - correct answers quantitative control When participants in a SCD serve as their own control it is known as ________ - correct answers baseline logic It is _________ to control for every possible threat to internal validity - correct answers impossible The extent to which threats to validity are __________ & ___________ for, along with the presence of a sufficient number of direct replications, will determine the level of _______ you should have in your findings - correct answers evaluated controlled confidence ______ refers to events that occur during an experiment, but are not related to planned procedural changes that may influence the outcome - correct answers History ______ refers to changes in behavior due to the passage of time - correct answers Maturation ______ is a threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test repeatedly - correct answers Testing An improvement in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation sessions is considered a ________ - correct answers facilitative effect A deterioration in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation session is considered a __________ - correct answers inhibitive effect Threats that refer to the concerns of the measurement system are ____________ threats - correct answers instrumentation refers to the lack of adherence to condition protocols by study implementers - correct answers Procedural Infidelity involves choosing participants in a way that differentially impacts the inclusion or retention of participants in a study, when compared to the "population" of interest - correct answers Selection bias refers to the loss of participants during the course of a study - correct answers Attrition refers to the liklihood that participant loss impacts the outcome of the study - correct answers Attrition bias When attrition occurs, you should always 1. 2. - correct answers 1. report it and tell why it occurred 2. include data collected for the participant occurs in SCD studies when researchers use additional non-explicated reasons for including or excluding potential participants - correct answers Sampling bias occurs when a study participants behavior is influenced by more than one planned treatments or interventions during the course of the study - correct answers multiple treatment interference When the order in which experimental conditions are introduced to participants influences their behavior - correct answers sequential confounding The amount of variability in the data over time - correct answers instability A specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the data series over time - correct answers cyclical variability Data instability is also known as ________ - correct answers regression to the mean refers to the likelihood that following an outlying data point, data are likely to revert back to levels closer to the average value - correct answers Regression to the mean a period of time at the start of an investigation in which participants recorded behavior may differ from their natural behavior due to the novel conditions under which data are collected - correct answers Adaptation refers to the participants' observed behavior not being representative of their natural behavior as a result of their knowledge that they are participants in an experiment - correct answers Hawthorne effect inconsistent implementation of condition protocols refers to which threat to internal validity? - correct answers Procedural infidelity Which level of scientific understanding includes observation and accurate description of phenomena? - correct answers description Which level of scientific understanding refers to observing the correlation between two variables? - correct answers Prediction Which level of scientific understanding refers to reliable change produced by change in the independent variable? - correct answers Control Single case research design differs from group design in that the participant serves as their own _________ - correct answers Control Articles in which researchers report the findings of original research are _________ - correct answers primary research Articles in which the authors summarize the findings of other researchers are __________ - correct answers review articles Articles that report statistical analysis from existing research are ________ - correct answers meta analysis Duration recording is a suitable data collection method for all of the following behaviors except: 1. number of times a student engaged in physical aggression 2. amount of time spend socializing with peers 3. total number of minutes a student engage in on-task behavior 4. length of time spent engaging with play materials - correct answers 1. Number of times a student engaged in physical aggression Event recording is used to measure behaviors that 1. 2. 3. - correct answers 1. Have a clear beginning and end 2. do not occur at a frequency that is too high to count 3. are brief and temporary Variables manipulated by researchers are known as _________ - corr