APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER 2025
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Terms in this set (144)
What regulates pituitary gland The pituitary gland is directly connected to the
secretion? hypothalamus. Secretion from the 2 lobes of the
pituitary gland is controlled by different methods
by the hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it Hormones are chemical messengers that are
act? responsible for regulation. They are secreted into
body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and o Insulin helps the cells absorb glucose, reducing
insulin. blood sugar and providing the cells with glucose
for energy. When blood sugar levels are too low,
the pancreas releases glucagon.
o Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored
glucose, which causes blood sugar to rise.
• Both work to keep blood glucose concentration
constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen into
glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
,How are pheromones different than o Hormones are both produced and act inside the
hormones? body of an organism whereas,
o pheromones are produced interiorly, but
function outside the body. Hormone changes the
interior of the body and finally causes to have
behavioral alterations, whereas pheromones are
capable of directly changing the social behaviors
of others. Hormones are present in both animals
and plants, but pheromones are present in animals
only
How is inhibin used in the body? One of two hormones (designated inhibin-A and
inhibin-B) secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli cells
in the male and the granulosa cells in the female)
and that inhibit the production of follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Differentiate between paracrine, o Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid
autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine but affect only neighboring cells.
glands. o Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting
cell.
o Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
o Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that
lead to body surfaces.
,How is diabetes insipidus different o Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels
than diabetes mellitus? of sugar in the blood while
o diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are
unable to conserve water
Describe steroid hormones. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
These include sex hormones, such as testosterone
and the estrogens, and secretion of the adrenal
cortex, including aldosterone and cortisol
Describe tropic hormones a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to
grow and secrete it's hormones.
Describe normal blood: number of Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood
each cell type, pH. volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000
in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic
mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000
per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is
around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a o Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
developing fetus and its mother? antigens on the RBC membranes.
o Rh negative - lack of these antigens
§ If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive
blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby
is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease
, What antigens can be found on o Antigens: A, B, AB, or none.
RBC? What antibodies can be found o Antibodies: A, B, AB, or none.
in the plasma? How do these create o Antibodies are associated with some blood
different blood types? types; in general, a person produces antibodies
against antigens that are not present on his/her
RBC membranes. The antigens expressed on the
red blood cell determine an individual's blood
group.
Describe the different leukocytes o Neutrophils - most numerous, 54-62% of WBCs,
and their origins. first to arrive to fight infections, elevated in
bacterial infections, multi-lobed nucleus.
o Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-
lobed nucleus, fight allergic reactions and against
parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of WBCs.
o Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain,
release histamine and heparin, <1% of WBCs.
o Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or
oval-shaped nuclei, become macrophages, 3-9%
of WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and
other debris.
o Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large
spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of
cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce
antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs.
,EXAM, comprehensive questions and verified
answers || QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
ANSWERS | GET IT RIGHT |2026!
Save
Terms in this set (144)
What regulates pituitary gland The pituitary gland is directly connected to the
secretion? hypothalamus. Secretion from the 2 lobes of the
pituitary gland is controlled by different methods
by the hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it Hormones are chemical messengers that are
act? responsible for regulation. They are secreted into
body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and o Insulin helps the cells absorb glucose, reducing
insulin. blood sugar and providing the cells with glucose
for energy. When blood sugar levels are too low,
the pancreas releases glucagon.
o Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored
glucose, which causes blood sugar to rise.
• Both work to keep blood glucose concentration
constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen into
glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
,How are pheromones different than o Hormones are both produced and act inside the
hormones? body of an organism whereas,
o pheromones are produced interiorly, but
function outside the body. Hormone changes the
interior of the body and finally causes to have
behavioral alterations, whereas pheromones are
capable of directly changing the social behaviors
of others. Hormones are present in both animals
and plants, but pheromones are present in animals
only
How is inhibin used in the body? One of two hormones (designated inhibin-A and
inhibin-B) secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli cells
in the male and the granulosa cells in the female)
and that inhibit the production of follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Differentiate between paracrine, o Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid
autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine but affect only neighboring cells.
glands. o Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting
cell.
o Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
o Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that
lead to body surfaces.
,How is diabetes insipidus different o Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels
than diabetes mellitus? of sugar in the blood while
o diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are
unable to conserve water
Describe steroid hormones. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
These include sex hormones, such as testosterone
and the estrogens, and secretion of the adrenal
cortex, including aldosterone and cortisol
Describe tropic hormones a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to
grow and secrete it's hormones.
Describe normal blood: number of Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood
each cell type, pH. volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000
in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic
mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000
per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is
around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a o Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
developing fetus and its mother? antigens on the RBC membranes.
o Rh negative - lack of these antigens
§ If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive
blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby
is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease
, What antigens can be found on o Antigens: A, B, AB, or none.
RBC? What antibodies can be found o Antibodies: A, B, AB, or none.
in the plasma? How do these create o Antibodies are associated with some blood
different blood types? types; in general, a person produces antibodies
against antigens that are not present on his/her
RBC membranes. The antigens expressed on the
red blood cell determine an individual's blood
group.
Describe the different leukocytes o Neutrophils - most numerous, 54-62% of WBCs,
and their origins. first to arrive to fight infections, elevated in
bacterial infections, multi-lobed nucleus.
o Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-
lobed nucleus, fight allergic reactions and against
parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of WBCs.
o Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain,
release histamine and heparin, <1% of WBCs.
o Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or
oval-shaped nuclei, become macrophages, 3-9%
of WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and
other debris.
o Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large
spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of
cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce
antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs.
