CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Unilateral neglect.
Answer: inability to attend to one side of the body or environment, usually
after right hemisphere damage
◍ Bulk and tone StrengthReflexesBabinski/Hoffman.
Answer: What is the motor exam assessing?
◍ Arousal.
Answer: level of alertness and responsiveness to stimuli
◍ Reactive postural control.
Answer: balance correction in response to unexpected perturbations using
feedback mechanisms
◍ Visual deficits importance in PT.
Answer: vision contributes significantly to balance and postural control
◍ Stop offending medicationDopamine blocking agentsBenzodiazepines
VMAT2 inhibitorsBotox if dystonic.
Answer: How do you treat TD?
◍ Importance of sensory input for movement.
Answer: sensory feedback guides movement accuracy, detects errors, and
maintains balance
◍ Systems involved in balance.
Answer: sensory input, CNS integration, and motor output
◍ Paraplegia.
Answer: paralysis of the lower extremities
,◍ Coordination.
Answer: ability to produce smooth, accurate, and efficient movement
◍ Plegia.
Answer: another term for complete paralysis
◍ Involuntary, rhythmic movement of palatePersists in sleepBrainstem lesion
involving triangle of Guillain-Mollaret.
Answer: What is palatal myoclonus?
◍ Cyclic vomitingAbdominal pain, "colic".
Answer: What are childhood migraine variants?
◍ Tic (motor and visceral).
Answer: Tourette's Syndrome is a ___ disorder.
◍ Graphesthesia.
Answer: ability to recognize writing on the skin
◍ IX and X.
Answer: What CNs give motor control to laryngeal muscles?
◍ Action tremor.
Answer: tremor occurring during voluntary movement or when holding
posture
◍ Head/facial traumaFrontal lobe massesParkinson's DiseaseEpilepsy.
Answer: What is the clinical relevance for CN I?
◍ Resting tremor.
Answer: tremor occurring when the body part is at rest, commonly seen in
Parkinson's disease
◍ Pons.
Answer: Where is CN VI located?
◍ Stupor.
Answer: responsiveness only to strong or painful stimuli
, ◍ LMNUMN.
Answer: Hypotonia, fasciculations, atrophy = ___Spasticity, lack of atrophy
= ___
◍ Spasticity.
Answer: velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone caused by
hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex
◍ Example of abnormal synergy.
Answer: attempting shoulder flexion produces shoulder abduction and
elbow flexion simultaneously
◍ Broca's aphasia, frontal lobe.
Answer: What is expressive aphasia?
◍ Involuntary movement.
Answer: movement that cannot be voluntarily suppressed
◍ Dysarthria.
Answer: slurred speech caused by impaired motor control of speech muscles
◍ Lethargy.
Answer: drowsy state with decreased alertness
◍ Intention tremor.
Answer: tremor that worsens during voluntary movement toward a target
◍ Wernicke's aphasia, temporal lobe.
Answer: What is receptive aphasia?
◍ Motor homunculus.
Answer: somatotopic map of the body on the motor cortex showing larger
representation of the hands and face
◍ Movement composition.
Answer: coordination of muscles working together to produce normal
movement synergy
◍ Tics: dopamine blockers/depletersBehavioral: clonidine, SSRIs.
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Unilateral neglect.
Answer: inability to attend to one side of the body or environment, usually
after right hemisphere damage
◍ Bulk and tone StrengthReflexesBabinski/Hoffman.
Answer: What is the motor exam assessing?
◍ Arousal.
Answer: level of alertness and responsiveness to stimuli
◍ Reactive postural control.
Answer: balance correction in response to unexpected perturbations using
feedback mechanisms
◍ Visual deficits importance in PT.
Answer: vision contributes significantly to balance and postural control
◍ Stop offending medicationDopamine blocking agentsBenzodiazepines
VMAT2 inhibitorsBotox if dystonic.
Answer: How do you treat TD?
◍ Importance of sensory input for movement.
Answer: sensory feedback guides movement accuracy, detects errors, and
maintains balance
◍ Systems involved in balance.
Answer: sensory input, CNS integration, and motor output
◍ Paraplegia.
Answer: paralysis of the lower extremities
,◍ Coordination.
Answer: ability to produce smooth, accurate, and efficient movement
◍ Plegia.
Answer: another term for complete paralysis
◍ Involuntary, rhythmic movement of palatePersists in sleepBrainstem lesion
involving triangle of Guillain-Mollaret.
Answer: What is palatal myoclonus?
◍ Cyclic vomitingAbdominal pain, "colic".
Answer: What are childhood migraine variants?
◍ Tic (motor and visceral).
Answer: Tourette's Syndrome is a ___ disorder.
◍ Graphesthesia.
Answer: ability to recognize writing on the skin
◍ IX and X.
Answer: What CNs give motor control to laryngeal muscles?
◍ Action tremor.
Answer: tremor occurring during voluntary movement or when holding
posture
◍ Head/facial traumaFrontal lobe massesParkinson's DiseaseEpilepsy.
Answer: What is the clinical relevance for CN I?
◍ Resting tremor.
Answer: tremor occurring when the body part is at rest, commonly seen in
Parkinson's disease
◍ Pons.
Answer: Where is CN VI located?
◍ Stupor.
Answer: responsiveness only to strong or painful stimuli
, ◍ LMNUMN.
Answer: Hypotonia, fasciculations, atrophy = ___Spasticity, lack of atrophy
= ___
◍ Spasticity.
Answer: velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone caused by
hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex
◍ Example of abnormal synergy.
Answer: attempting shoulder flexion produces shoulder abduction and
elbow flexion simultaneously
◍ Broca's aphasia, frontal lobe.
Answer: What is expressive aphasia?
◍ Involuntary movement.
Answer: movement that cannot be voluntarily suppressed
◍ Dysarthria.
Answer: slurred speech caused by impaired motor control of speech muscles
◍ Lethargy.
Answer: drowsy state with decreased alertness
◍ Intention tremor.
Answer: tremor that worsens during voluntary movement toward a target
◍ Wernicke's aphasia, temporal lobe.
Answer: What is receptive aphasia?
◍ Motor homunculus.
Answer: somatotopic map of the body on the motor cortex showing larger
representation of the hands and face
◍ Movement composition.
Answer: coordination of muscles working together to produce normal
movement synergy
◍ Tics: dopamine blockers/depletersBehavioral: clonidine, SSRIs.
