ANP 1106 Final Exam Review Worksheet |
Questions and Answers | 2026 Updated | 100%
Correct - University of Ottawa.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (15 Questions)
Q1: Which layer of the heart wall is composed of cardiac muscle tissue?
A. Epicardium
B. Myocardium [CORRECT]
C. Endocardium
D. Pericardium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall and consists
of cardiac muscle tissue responsible for contraction. Per standard anatomy principles, the
epicardium is the outer serous layer, the endocardium lines the chambers, and the
pericardium is the fibrous sac surrounding the heart.
Q2: The tricuspid valve is located between which two heart chambers?
A. Left atrium and left ventricle
B. Right atrium and right ventricle [CORRECT]
C. Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
D. Left ventricle and aorta
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve prevents backflow from
the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular systole. Per standard anatomy
principles, the bicuspid (mitral) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle.
Q3: Which coronary artery typically supplies the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular
septum?
A. Right coronary artery
B. Left coronary artery [CORRECT]
C. Posterior interventricular artery
,D. Marginal artery
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the left coronary artery branches into the anterior interventricular
(LAD) and circumflex arteries, supplying most of the left ventricle, left atrium, and anterior
interventricular septum. Per standard anatomy principles, the right coronary artery primarily
supplies the right ventricle and SA/AV nodes in most individuals.
Q4: Intercalated discs contain which three types of cell junctions?
A. Tight junctions, adherens junctions, and hemidesmosomes
B. Gap junctions, desmosomes, and fascia adherens [CORRECT]
C. Synapses, tight junctions, and gap junctions
D. Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and synaptic clefts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because intercalated discs contain gap junctions for rapid electrical
communication, desmosomes for mechanical strength, and fascia adherens (adherens
junctions) for anchoring actin filaments. Per standard cardiac histology principles, these
specialized junctions enable the heart to function as a functional syncytium.
Q5: Which cells of the cardiac conduction system have the fastest intrinsic firing rate?
A. AV node
B. Bundle of His
C. SA node [CORRECT]
D. Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the SA node has an intrinsic firing rate of 60-100 beats per
minute, establishing it as the normal pacemaker of the heart. Per standard physiology
principles, the AV node fires at 40-60 bpm, and ventricular Purkinje fibers fire at 20-40 bpm if
higher pacemakers fail.
Q6: On a standard ECG, the QRS complex represents which electrical event?
A. Atrial depolarization
B. Atrial repolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization [CORRECT]
, D. Ventricular repolarization
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the QRS complex reflects the rapid depolarization of the
ventricles as the electrical impulse spreads through the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.
Per standard ECG interpretation principles, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, and
the T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
Q7: During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the AV valves close and the semilunar valves
remain closed?
A. Isovolumetric relaxation
B. Isovolumetric contraction [CORRECT]
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Rapid ventricular filling
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because isovolumetric contraction begins when ventricular pressure
exceeds atrial pressure (closing AV valves) and ends when ventricular pressure exceeds
aortic/pulmonary pressure (opening semilunar valves). Per standard cardiac cycle principles,
no blood enters or leaves the ventricles during this phase, so volume remains constant.
Q8: The first heart sound (S1) is produced by the closure of which valves?
A. Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
B. Tricuspid and mitral (AV) valves [CORRECT]
C. Pulmonary and tricuspid valves
D. Aortic and mitral valves
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because S1 ("lub") results from the closure of the tricuspid and mitral
valves at the onset of ventricular systole. Per standard auscultation principles, S2 ("dub")
results from closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at the onset of ventricular
diastole.
Q9: According to the Frank-Starling law, cardiac output increases when:
A. Heart rate decreases below 60 bpm
B. Venous return and ventricular preload increase [CORRECT]
C. Afterload on the ventricles increases
Questions and Answers | 2026 Updated | 100%
Correct - University of Ottawa.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (15 Questions)
Q1: Which layer of the heart wall is composed of cardiac muscle tissue?
A. Epicardium
B. Myocardium [CORRECT]
C. Endocardium
D. Pericardium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall and consists
of cardiac muscle tissue responsible for contraction. Per standard anatomy principles, the
epicardium is the outer serous layer, the endocardium lines the chambers, and the
pericardium is the fibrous sac surrounding the heart.
Q2: The tricuspid valve is located between which two heart chambers?
A. Left atrium and left ventricle
B. Right atrium and right ventricle [CORRECT]
C. Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
D. Left ventricle and aorta
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve prevents backflow from
the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular systole. Per standard anatomy
principles, the bicuspid (mitral) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle.
Q3: Which coronary artery typically supplies the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular
septum?
A. Right coronary artery
B. Left coronary artery [CORRECT]
C. Posterior interventricular artery
,D. Marginal artery
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the left coronary artery branches into the anterior interventricular
(LAD) and circumflex arteries, supplying most of the left ventricle, left atrium, and anterior
interventricular septum. Per standard anatomy principles, the right coronary artery primarily
supplies the right ventricle and SA/AV nodes in most individuals.
Q4: Intercalated discs contain which three types of cell junctions?
A. Tight junctions, adherens junctions, and hemidesmosomes
B. Gap junctions, desmosomes, and fascia adherens [CORRECT]
C. Synapses, tight junctions, and gap junctions
D. Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and synaptic clefts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because intercalated discs contain gap junctions for rapid electrical
communication, desmosomes for mechanical strength, and fascia adherens (adherens
junctions) for anchoring actin filaments. Per standard cardiac histology principles, these
specialized junctions enable the heart to function as a functional syncytium.
Q5: Which cells of the cardiac conduction system have the fastest intrinsic firing rate?
A. AV node
B. Bundle of His
C. SA node [CORRECT]
D. Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the SA node has an intrinsic firing rate of 60-100 beats per
minute, establishing it as the normal pacemaker of the heart. Per standard physiology
principles, the AV node fires at 40-60 bpm, and ventricular Purkinje fibers fire at 20-40 bpm if
higher pacemakers fail.
Q6: On a standard ECG, the QRS complex represents which electrical event?
A. Atrial depolarization
B. Atrial repolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization [CORRECT]
, D. Ventricular repolarization
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the QRS complex reflects the rapid depolarization of the
ventricles as the electrical impulse spreads through the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.
Per standard ECG interpretation principles, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, and
the T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
Q7: During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the AV valves close and the semilunar valves
remain closed?
A. Isovolumetric relaxation
B. Isovolumetric contraction [CORRECT]
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Rapid ventricular filling
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because isovolumetric contraction begins when ventricular pressure
exceeds atrial pressure (closing AV valves) and ends when ventricular pressure exceeds
aortic/pulmonary pressure (opening semilunar valves). Per standard cardiac cycle principles,
no blood enters or leaves the ventricles during this phase, so volume remains constant.
Q8: The first heart sound (S1) is produced by the closure of which valves?
A. Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
B. Tricuspid and mitral (AV) valves [CORRECT]
C. Pulmonary and tricuspid valves
D. Aortic and mitral valves
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because S1 ("lub") results from the closure of the tricuspid and mitral
valves at the onset of ventricular systole. Per standard auscultation principles, S2 ("dub")
results from closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at the onset of ventricular
diastole.
Q9: According to the Frank-Starling law, cardiac output increases when:
A. Heart rate decreases below 60 bpm
B. Venous return and ventricular preload increase [CORRECT]
C. Afterload on the ventricles increases
