GCU BIO 333 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH GUARANTEED VERIFIED ANSWERS

What size is larger? 100um or 1nm - correct answers 100um what size is larger? 10mm or 0.001m - correct answers 10mm what size is larger? 10nm or 0.1um - correct answers 0.1 um Put in order from largest to smallest. bacterial cell ribosome nucleus o2 eukaryotic cell - correct answers eukaryotic cell bacterial cell nucleus ribosome O2 Components of a eukayote. - correct answers have organelles, membrane bound nucleus, 24hrs. to divid, epitheal cells, multicellular, 185 rRNA,unicellular, larger, and about 5-50um components of a prokaryote - correct answers no membrane bound nucleus, 20 min. to divid, unicellular, cell wall, 165 rRNA, binary fission, smaller, about 0.2-2 um. shared components of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. - correct answers DNA, RNA, protein, ribosomes, membrane A single prokaryotic cell can divide several times in a hour. Most eukaryotic cells cannot divide this quickly. Which of the statements best explains this difference? a. eukaryotic cells are smaller than prokaryotic cells b. eukaryotic cells have less DNA than prokaryotic cells c. prokaryotic organisms are typically multicellular while eukaryotic organism are unicellular. d. eukaryotic cells are more structurally complex than prokaryotic cells - correct answers d what is the main function of cytoplasm in the cell? a. synthesizing proteins in the cell b. suspending cellular structures and providing a place for cellular functions to take place c. regulating the transport of molecules into and out of the cell d. packaging and sending out proteins and lipids - correct answers b which of the following structures is found in all proaryotes? a nucleus b. flagellum c. ribosomes d. mitochondria - correct answers c T/F: Cholorplast are responsible for pulling apart sister chromatids during mitosis - correct answers F: they convert solar energy into sugar T/F: actin filaments are responsible for pulling apart sister chromatids during mitosis. - correct answers F: microtubules T/F: mitochondria are not found in plants - correct answers F T/F: DNA can only be found in the nucleus - correct answers F: DNA is in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells T/F: muscle cells ar elikely to have an increased concentration of mitchondria. - correct answers T T/F: bacterial DNA is found in the cytoplasm - correct answers T T/F: the double membrane found in cholorplasts and mitochondria are thought to be formed by an exosymbiont theory. - correct answers T T/F: mujscle cells are likely to have a very smooth endoplasmic reticulum - correct answers F: liver cells T/F: cell recieve nutrients by exocytosis - correct answers F: endocytosis What are some model species? - correct answers escherichia coli (bacteria), saccharomyces cerevisiae, arabidopsis thaliana (plant), drosphila melanogaster (fly), caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish, mus musculus (mouse). what are the components of the nucleus? - correct answers holds dna in the form of chromosmes, molecules of dna- long polymers that encodes the genetic information what are the components of the mitochondria? - correct answers makes ATP, tri-carboxyl cycle what re the components of the chloroplasts? - correct answers captures energy from sunlikght, converts it to ATP, photosynthesis, CO2 to glucose what are the components of the cytosol? - correct answers liquid of the cell, pH of 7.4, where most proteins are made by ribosomes definition of cell: - correct answers small, membrane- enclosed units filled eith a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals and enduced with the ability to create copies of themeselves by grounding and dividing. Describe the size of a cell: - correct answers abojut 20 um, light microscope, 25 times smaller than the width of a human hair components of the cytoskeleton - correct answers actin- thinnest-muscle contractions microtubules- thickest- pyull duplicated chromosomes apart intermediate filaments-thinner- strengthens most animal cells these are all proteins filaments components of the cytoplasm - correct answers metobolism, things brought in and out of cell components of the endoplasmic reticulum - correct answers irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a membrane, membrane components made, secretion of proteins components of the golgi apparatus - correct answers Stack of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs, modifies and packages molecules made in the ER evolution of mitochondria and cholorplast - correct answers mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by an archaea-derived, early anaeorbic eukaryotic cell and survived inside it Why and important model orgaism - correct answers useful to study genetics Why is Arabidopsis Thaliana a model organism? - correct answers it is a plant that is a model for other plants why are fies and zebrafish used as model organisms? - correct answers to study genetics and development what are human cells used for? - correct answers fibroblasts, neurons, epithelial cells, embroynic heart muscle cells Definition of genome - correct answers The whole of the genetic information of an organism why are genomes useful to compare species? - correct answers to see genes from different organisms have very similar nucleotide sequences and they might descend from a common ancestral gene to loo for homologies to look for where everything started what can be found in the genome - correct answers ancestral history, DNA, gene activity which subatomic particles determine the atomic #? - correct answers protons calculate the molecular weight of sodium chloride - correct answers Na:23 Cl: 35 =58 daltons you need to make a 0.5 M solution of NaCl in 100 mL. Calculate how muh NaCl (in grams) needs to be dissolved in 100 ml. - correct answers 0.5M= 0.5M/1L x 58g/1 mole x 0.1 liters= 2.9 g NaCl Isotopes - correct answers there protons stay the same but there neutrons can change if a soljution is said to be a buffer which of the following statements is true? a. the solution is at a pH of 7 b. the solution has a high hydrogen ion concentration c. the solutions pH will have a little chang when exposed to a acid or a base d. the solutions pH will have a drastic change when exposed to ana cid or a base - correct answers c T/F: an acidic solution has a high hydroxide in concentration - correct answers F: high proton concentration T/F:a hydronium ion and a hydrogen ion are considered the same in solution - correct answers T T/F: bases minimize hydroxide ions in solutions - correct answers F: protons T/F: at a pH of 8 the hydrogen ion concentration is higher than the hydroxide concentration - correct answers F: -OH is higher than H+ T/F: acidic solutions are considered to be alkaline - correct answers F: pH below 7 components of the marcomolecule: carbohydrates - correct answers monomer: momosaccharide polymer: polysaccharide linkage: glyosidic bond components of the marcomolecule: lipids - correct answers monomer: fatty acid polhymer: tricylgycerol phospholipid linkage: ester bond components of the marcomolecule: proteins - correct answers monomer: amino acid polymer: polypeptide linakge: peptide bond components of the marcomolecule: nucleic acids - correct answers monomer: nucleotide polymer: DNA or RNA linkage: phospodiester bond the addition of H20 is - correct answers hydrolysis the substration of water is - correct answers condenstation what does the following compounds fall under: SOAP C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers L what does the following compounds fall under: adenine C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers N what does the following compounds fall under: butter C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers L what does the following compounds fall under: sucrose C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers C what does the following compounds fall under: glutamine C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers p what does the following compounds fall under: GTP C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers N what does the following compounds fall under: phophatidylcholine C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers L what does the following compounds fall under: fatty acid C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers L what does the following compounds fall under: ribose C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers N what does the following compounds fall under: serine C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers N what does the following compounds fall under: glycogen C-carbohydrates P-protein L- lipids N- nucleci acids - correct answers C a new drug is developed which selectivelly cleaves bonds between two sulfur atoms of non-adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Which level of protein sturcute in affected molecu;es would most directly affected by the drug? a. secondary structure b. tertiart stucture c. primary structure d. quaternary structure - correct answers b albumin is a larger protein which circulates freely in human plasma. Another type of protein, called aquaporins, act as a channel for water to enter and exit the cell, and are located within the lipis bilayer of a cell's plasma membrane. Based ont heir physiological locations, how would the tertiary structure of these two proteins most likely compare? - correct answers albumin has a more nonpolar core with a polar out layer, while aquaporins have a more polar core with a nonpolar outer layer what functional groups are found at the N and C terminus of all proteins, respectively? - correct answers amino, carboxyl identify the three components of all nucleotides - correct answers phosphate- sugar - base what are the names of the two different nitrogenous bases? how do you differentiate between them? - correct answers purines- larger pyrimidines- smaller what kind of bond holds two DNA strands together? - correct answers Hydrogen what type of bond links nucleotides in the same strand? - correct answers covalent bonds What are the 3 differences between DNA nucleotides and RNA nucleotides? - correct answers 1. different sugars ribose vs. deoxyribose 2. different base uracil vs. thymine 3. double stranded vs single stranded definition of atom - correct answers Smallest form of an element that maintains distinct chemical properties. What are subatomic particles? - correct answers protons, neutrons, electrons what is atomic weight? - correct answers the atomic weight of an element reflects the number of grams per mole (g/mol) of the element. the atomic weight is usually derived from a weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes of the element what is molecular weight? - correct answers the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule What is Avogadro's number? - correct answers 6.02 x 10^23 what is a mole? - correct answers the relative formula mass of a substance in grams what are electron shells? - correct answers an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom why are valence electron shells important? - correct answers the fewer valence electrons the less stable the atom becomes What are covalent bonds? - correct answers a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms What is an ionic bond? - correct answers A chemical bond that's formed when an atom transfers and electron to another Atom What are cations? - correct answers positively charged ions What are anions? - correct answers negatively charged ions What is a hydrogen bond? - correct answers a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. what does hydrophilic mean - correct answers water loving what does hydrophobic mean - correct answers Water fearing what are acids? - correct answers are substances that release protons when they dissolve in water what are bases? - correct answers proton acceptors What is the pH scale? - correct answers a measure of how many free H+ ions there are in a solution what are buffers - correct answers weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH What are organic molecules? - correct answers molecules that contain carbon What are inorganic molecules? - correct answers non-carbon based molecules what are the four major families of small molecules? - correct answers sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides What are polymers? - correct answers long chains of monomers What are monomers? - correct answers a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. What is a fatty acid? - correct answers carboxylic acid consists of hydrocarbon chain and terminal carboxyl groups What is a triacylglycerol? - correct answers a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol What is a phospholipid? - correct answers It is a lipid that has a phosphate group attached to the glycerol and only two fatty acid chains. what is the structure of a protein - correct answers made of amino acids (20 different ones), held together by peptide bonds making polypeptide chains What is the C-terminus? - correct answers carboxyl end what is the n-terminus? - correct answers amino group end What is a nucleotide composed of? - correct answers nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group what are different types of nucleotides? - correct answers RNA or DNA what are the general distributions of macromolecules in cells? - correct answers macromolecules are constructed simply by covalently linking small organic monomers or subunits, into long chains or polymers Definition of conformation? - correct answers a single-chain macromolecule to adopt an almost unlimited # of shapes what is macromolecule assemble - correct answers covalent bonds allow organic molecules to join together to form macromolecules, which can assemble into large macromolecular complexes via non covalent bonds structural proteins - correct answers provide mechanical support to cells and tissues enzymes - correct answers protein catalysts motor proteins - correct answers generate movement in cells and tissues storage proteins - correct answers store of amino acids or ions signal proteins - correct answers carry extracellular signals from cell to cell transport proteins - correct answers carry small molecules or ions receptor proteins - correct answers detect signals and transmit them to the cell's response machinery special purpose proteins - correct answers highly variable transcription regulators - correct answers bind to DNA and switch genes on and off What is a peptide bond? - correct answers O, C, N, H what is a polypeptide backbone - correct answers N-C-C-N-C-C which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the comparison of the alpha-helix structure to the beta-sheet structure in proteins? a. each is stabilized by inter-chain hydrogen bonds b. each is an example of secondary structure c. all possible hydrogen bonds between the peptide carbonyl oxygen (C=O) and the amide hydrogen (N-H) are formed in each d. each may occur in typical globular proteins - correct answers c which of the following statements is most likely to be true of nonpolar R groups in aqueous solution? a. they are hydrophilic and found buried within proteins b. they are hydrophilic and found on protein surfaces c. they are hydrophobic and found buried within proteins d. they are hydrophobic and found on protein surfaces - correct answers c all of the following are considered "weak" interactions in proteins, expect: a. hydrogen bonds b. hydrophobic interactions c. ionic bonds d. peptide bonds e. van der waals forces - correct answers d The term denaturation, when used in connection with nucleic acids or proteins refers to a change in structural characteristics due to a. The disruption of covalent bonds b. The disruption of non-covalent bonds c. The binding of toxic compounds d. Changes in primary structure - correct answers b In an alpha helix, the R groups on the amino acid residues: - correct answers are found on the outside of the helix spiral a coiled peptide chain held in place by hrydrogen bonding between peptide bonds in the same chain is a. primary structure b. alpha-helix c. beta-pleated sheet d. tertiary structure - correct answers b What is a polypeptide? - correct answers long chain of amino acids What is a polypeptide chain? - correct answers Another word for protein What are side chains? - correct answers portions of an amino acid not involved in forming a peptide bonds; its chemical identity gives each amino acid unique properties. what are three types of noncovalent bonds that help fold proteins - correct answers hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions, and van der waals What is protein denaturation? - correct answers the unfolding and disorganization of a proteins structure What is protein renaturation? - correct answers refolding What are chaperone proteins? - correct answers proteins that assist in the proper folding of proteins What is an alpha helix? - correct answers a secondary structure of a protein that is formed with a hydrogen bond between carboxyl oxygen of one amino acid and an amide nitrogen of another amino acid What is a beta sheet? - correct answers a secondary structure of a protein that is formed by a hydrogen bond of the atoms in a peptide bond that lie within linear regions of polypeptide, chain may run in same direction (parallel) or opposite direction (anti parallel), also can turn and fold back on itself What are coiled coil structures? - correct answers are stable, rodlike protein structures ormed when two or more alpha-helices twist repeatedly around each other. what are primary structures? - correct answers the amino acid sequences of a protein what are secondary structures? - correct answers alpha helices and beta sheets what are tertiary structures? - correct answers complete three-dimensional structure of a fully folded protein What are quaternary structures? - correct answers complete structure formed by multiple, interacting polypeptide chains that form a larger protein molecule. what is a protein domain? - correct answers any segment of a polypeptide chain that can fold independently into a compact, stable structure what is a protein subunit? - correct answers amino acid what are intrinsically disordered sequences? - correct answers region in a polypeptide chain that lacks a definite structure How common are intrinsically disordered sequences? - correct answers 1/3 of call eukaryotic proteins also posses longer, unstructured regions in their polypeptide chains what is a protein family? - correct answers a group of proteins that share a common evolutionary origin, reflected by their related functions and similarities in sequence or structure what is an example of a protein family? - correct answers serine protease what is a subunit? - correct answers monomer what is a dimer? - correct answers a molecule or molecular complex consisting of two identical molecules linked together. what is a trimer? - correct answers a polymer comprising three monomer units. What is a ligand? - correct answers any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule what is an enzyme? - correct answers a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. what is a substrate? - correct answers the substance on which an enzyme acts What is lysozyme and what does it do? - correct answers It is an enzyme that severs the polysaccharide chains that form the cell walls of bacteria: gound in many selections including saliva and tears, where it serves as an antibiotic. What is the transition state? - correct answers the complex formed as covalent bonds are being broken and re-formed during a reaction what is the active site? - correct answers The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds. What is the enzyme-substrate complex? - correct answers binding of the enzyme and the substrate, which then speeds up the chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy what is a enzyme product complex? - correct answers rapidally dissociates, releasing the product and leaving the enzyme free to act on another substrate molecule. what are the three ways enzymes can encourage a reaction? - correct answers 1. holding reacting substrates together in a precise alignment. 2. rearranging the distribution of charge in a reaction intermediate. 3. altering bond angles in the substrate to increase the rate of a particular reaction. what is the correct sequence of proteins found in the lac operon? - correct answers beta-galactosidase, permease, transacetylase what is the benefit of the repressor being constitutively produced? - correct answers the bacteria does not want to expend energy creating lactose metabolizing enzymes if lactose is not available. in the lac operon, the repressor protein exerts a negative effect on the expression of the structural genes in the absence of the inducer molecule. In the case of the lac operon, what is the inducer molecule? - correct answers allolactose why does have polycistronic messages? - correct answers polycistronic messages allow the bacteria to regulate several functionally related genes at the same time. which of the following scenarios occur when lactose is present as the sole energy source? a. production of the repressor protein is increased b. the enzyme for lactose metabolism are produced c. the repressor protein binds to the operator d. the lac operon genes are not transcribed. - correct answers b the interaction betweenlactose and the lacl repressor protein is an example of what biochemical process? - correct answers allosteric regulation the protein product of the lacl gene is best classified as what type of molecule? - correct answers transcription factor which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon? a. a triplet separated spatially from other triplets b. a triplet at the opposite end of tRNA from the attachment site of the amino acid c. a triplet at the opposite end of tRNA from the attachment site of the amino acid d. a triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG e. a sequence in tRNA at the 3' end - correct answers d which of the following does not occur in prokaryotic gene expression, but does in eukaryotic gen expression? - correct answers a poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end what is a ribozyme? - correct answers an RNA with enzymatic activity Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the - correct answers bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs. There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that - correct answers the rules for base pairing between third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible. what is the function of the release factor (RF)? - correct answers It binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA. which of the following molecules are required for the process of translation? - correct answers mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is - correct answers UUU Where in the eukaryotic cell does transcription occur? - correct answers nucleus where in the eukaryotic cell does translantion occur? - correct answers cytoplasm where in the eukaryotic cell does replication occur? - correct answers nucleus where in the prokaryotic cell does replication occur? - correct answers cytoplasm where in the prokaryotic cell does translation occur? - correct answers cytoplasm where in the prokaryotic cell does transcription occur? -