NSG 520 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Exam with Questions and Answers

NSG 520 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Exam with Questions and Answers Which of the following best describes cellular hypertrophy in response to increased workload? a increase in cell number due to mitotic division b decrease in overall tissue mass due to cell loss c increase in cell size due to increased functional demand d irreversible cell membrane rupture leading to inflammation Correct Answer c Rationale Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of individual cells, not the number of cells. It commonly occurs in tissues with limited capacity for cell division, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle, in response to increased workload or hormonal stimulation. Which of the following best defines hyperplasia? a increase in cell size caused by metabolic stress b increase in cell number due to hormonal stimulation or compensatory mechanisms c transformation of one mature cell type into another d programmed cell death without inflammation Correct Answer b Rationale Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells due to increased proliferation, often driven by hormonal signals or compensatory demands, such as liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Which of the following best describes metaplasia? a reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another b uncontrolled malignant transformation of cells c irreversible cell death due to ischemia d increase in intracellular water leading to swelling Correct Answer a Rationale Metaplasia is a reversible adaptive response in which one mature cell type is replaced by another better suited to withstand stress, such as squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract of smokers.