ACE YOUR NUR 254 EXAM: COMPLETE STUDY
GUIDE WITH COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS LATEST 2026/2027
◉ Pediatric Oncology: Chemo. Answer: -No live vaccines
-Thrombocytopenia (low platelets, bleeding risk)
-Monitor for bleeding
-Avoid uncecessary venipunctures
◉ Pediatric Oncology: Radiation. Answer: Wear losse fitting clothes
◉ Cardinal Symptoms of cancer. Answer: o Unusual mass or
swelling o Unexplained paleness and loss of energy o Sudden
tendency to bruise o Persistent localized pain or limping o
Prolonged unexplained fever or illness o Frequent headaches often
with vomiting o Sudden eye or vision changes
-Excessive, rapid weight loss
◉ Leukemia: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Answer: -Most
common type of childhood cancer*
o PEAK: 2-5 years
,◉ Leukemia: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML). Answer: o 20%
of leukemia cases o Higher rates in infants
◉ Leukemia: Etiology/Diagnostics. Answer: -Malignant disease
of the bone marrow, lymphatic system, immature WBCs in the
blood forming issues o Peripheral blood smear o Bone marrow
aspiraon o LP
o WBC:
Under 2 years old: 6-17,000
Over 2 years old: 2-15,0000
◉ Leukemia: S/S. Answer: o Anemia
o Infection o Pale o Bleeding
o Enlarged organs* Spleen and liver o Fever*, Lethargy, Malaise
o Petechiae (early) o Weight loss, Anorexia* (early) o Easily
Bruising, Joint pain and Pallor*
◉ Leukemia: Treatment & Interventions. Answer: o
Chemotherapy* o Bone marrow transplant: IF not reacting well to
,Chemo in ALL, AML might need a BMT in the first remission o Prep
family for procedures o Emotional support o Manage side effects
o Decrease infection risk
Private rooms
Hand hygiene
No sick Visitors
◉ Neuroblastoma: term. Answer: SILENT***, poor prognosis, always
spreads before diagnosis (metastasizes)
◉ Neuroblastoma: Etiology/Diagnostics. Answer: Most common
cancer diagnosed in infancy, primary site is the abdomen** CT, Bone
marrow aspiration
◉ Neuroblastoma: Education. Answer: Surgery is 90% effective
◉ Neuroblastoma: Intervention. Answer: Address family needs
during this time
◉ Neuroblastoma: S/S. Answer: o Firm, irregular mass non-tender
mass in abdomen, CROSSES midline*
, o Pallor, anorexia, weakness, irritability, weight loss o Urinary
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) o Possible
respiratory obstruction from the mass
◉ Neuroblastoma: Treatment. Answer: o Surgery resection of
the tumor o Chemo
◉ Osteosarcoma: term. Answer: (Bone) Long bones (Femur most
common, over 50%): Tissue**
◉ Osteosarcoma: Etiology/Diagnostics. Answer: -Most
common Bone cancer, arises from osseous tissue o Peak at 15
years old
o Most found in metaphyseal of long bones in lower extremities
o X-ray, CT, MRI
◉ Osteosarcoma: S/S. Answer: o Limp: may interfere with normal
activity
o Pain at affected site, severe or dull -> growing pains o May
have a palpable mass
GUIDE WITH COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS LATEST 2026/2027
◉ Pediatric Oncology: Chemo. Answer: -No live vaccines
-Thrombocytopenia (low platelets, bleeding risk)
-Monitor for bleeding
-Avoid uncecessary venipunctures
◉ Pediatric Oncology: Radiation. Answer: Wear losse fitting clothes
◉ Cardinal Symptoms of cancer. Answer: o Unusual mass or
swelling o Unexplained paleness and loss of energy o Sudden
tendency to bruise o Persistent localized pain or limping o
Prolonged unexplained fever or illness o Frequent headaches often
with vomiting o Sudden eye or vision changes
-Excessive, rapid weight loss
◉ Leukemia: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Answer: -Most
common type of childhood cancer*
o PEAK: 2-5 years
,◉ Leukemia: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML). Answer: o 20%
of leukemia cases o Higher rates in infants
◉ Leukemia: Etiology/Diagnostics. Answer: -Malignant disease
of the bone marrow, lymphatic system, immature WBCs in the
blood forming issues o Peripheral blood smear o Bone marrow
aspiraon o LP
o WBC:
Under 2 years old: 6-17,000
Over 2 years old: 2-15,0000
◉ Leukemia: S/S. Answer: o Anemia
o Infection o Pale o Bleeding
o Enlarged organs* Spleen and liver o Fever*, Lethargy, Malaise
o Petechiae (early) o Weight loss, Anorexia* (early) o Easily
Bruising, Joint pain and Pallor*
◉ Leukemia: Treatment & Interventions. Answer: o
Chemotherapy* o Bone marrow transplant: IF not reacting well to
,Chemo in ALL, AML might need a BMT in the first remission o Prep
family for procedures o Emotional support o Manage side effects
o Decrease infection risk
Private rooms
Hand hygiene
No sick Visitors
◉ Neuroblastoma: term. Answer: SILENT***, poor prognosis, always
spreads before diagnosis (metastasizes)
◉ Neuroblastoma: Etiology/Diagnostics. Answer: Most common
cancer diagnosed in infancy, primary site is the abdomen** CT, Bone
marrow aspiration
◉ Neuroblastoma: Education. Answer: Surgery is 90% effective
◉ Neuroblastoma: Intervention. Answer: Address family needs
during this time
◉ Neuroblastoma: S/S. Answer: o Firm, irregular mass non-tender
mass in abdomen, CROSSES midline*
, o Pallor, anorexia, weakness, irritability, weight loss o Urinary
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) o Possible
respiratory obstruction from the mass
◉ Neuroblastoma: Treatment. Answer: o Surgery resection of
the tumor o Chemo
◉ Osteosarcoma: term. Answer: (Bone) Long bones (Femur most
common, over 50%): Tissue**
◉ Osteosarcoma: Etiology/Diagnostics. Answer: -Most
common Bone cancer, arises from osseous tissue o Peak at 15
years old
o Most found in metaphyseal of long bones in lower extremities
o X-ray, CT, MRI
◉ Osteosarcoma: S/S. Answer: o Limp: may interfere with normal
activity
o Pain at affected site, severe or dull -> growing pains o May
have a palpable mass
