Lecture Exam 2 - BIOL 3330 Kolitsky Questions With Detailed Defined Answers 100% Pass.

T/F: Large terminal cisternae are found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of heart muscle fibers. - correct answers False During contraction of a sarcomere, what happens to the A Band? - correct answers stays same width Choose the fiber type which is slow twitch, fatigue-resistant and found in high number in the long muscles of the human back which help maintain posture. - correct answers Type I (slow oxidative fibers) The large elastic accessory protein in the muscle sarcomere which anchors the thick myosin filament to the Z-line is: - correct answers titin When the action potential or stimulus for contraction reaches the muscle fiber, the first thing that happens is: - correct answers Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is called the: - correct answers sarcolemma The function of the T-Tubule system is to: - correct answers better enable action potential to reach center of muscle fiber Which muscle type below is categorized as involuntary and forms the musculature of most hollow organs such as the bladder and alimentary canal. - correct answers smooth muscle T/F: Muscle tissue is highly vascularized and innervated but does not have much connective tissue associated with it for its functional activity. - correct answers False T/F: The shortening of the distance between Z lines in a sarcomere is another way of defining muscle fiber contraction. - correct answers True For a relaxed sarcomere, choose the answer below that would fit for being present in the A Band region. - correct answers some actin and all of myosin filaments Individual muscle cells of this type have only one nucleus per cell and usually display a long slender form. - correct answers smooth muscle The cytoplasm of a muscle cell is called the: - correct answers sarcoplasm T/F: The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is to sequester phosphate ions for the production of ATP. - correct answers False Intercalated disks are junctions of two cardiac muscle fibers which occur only at the: - correct answers I Band The lumen of the T-tubule is considered to be an inner extension of the external environment because: - correct answers ferritin-soaked muscles show ferritin inside T-Tubule T/F: Placing heart muscle fibers in solutions lacking calcium ions can cause the gap junctions present in the intercalated disk area to fall apart. - correct answers False The sarcomere is the area on a skeletal muscle fiber which is located between two: - correct answers Z lines T/F: A motor unit is considered to be a nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates. - correct answers True Which muscle type below is voluntary and makes up most of the flesh of our limbs and also the covering musculature of our body. - correct answers skeletal muscle T/F: When Calcium activates ATPase on the actin molecule, the actin undergoes a conformation change. - correct answers False T/F: Smooth muscle fibers normally are arranged in bundles such that the thick portion of the fiber lies alongside the thin portion of the next fibers. - correct answers True Which skeletal muscle fiber type below is not found in human skeletal muscles. - correct answers Type III (slow glycolytic fibers) The individual contractile unit of a muscle cell that can be viewed with a light microscope is called the: - correct answers myofibril The contractile unit of a muscle is called a: - correct answers sarcomere During contraction of a sarcomere, what happens to the I Band? - correct answers becomes smaller in width Which hormone causes contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding walls of arterioles to increase blood pressure. - correct answers vasopressin Which hormone listed below causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus in terminal stages of pregnancy. - correct answers oxytocin Which accessory protein in the sarcomere stabilizes the thin filaments and helps regulate binding of Calcium ions? - correct answers tropomyosin T/F: The process of forming G-actin from F-actin requires the presence of potassium and magnesium ions and also energy from the breakdown of ATP to ADP. - correct answers False Which connective tissue fibers form a network which wraps itself around individual muscle fibers where smooth muscle fibers are arranged in bundles such as in the intestine. - correct answers reticular fibers Which accessory protein in the sarcomere caps actin and regulates the length of the thin filaments? - correct answers tropomodulin The elongated inelastic protein which assists in anchoring the thin filaments to the Z-line is called what? - correct answers nebulin For a relaxed sarcomere, choose the answer below that would fit for being present in the I Band region. - correct answers only actin filaments For a relaxed sarcomere, choose the answer below that would fit for being present in the H Zone region. - correct answers only myosin filaments Which disease listed below is an autoimmune disease in which the body produces antibodies to the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle sarcolemma. - correct answers Myasthenia gravis T/F: Troponin and tropomyosin on the thin actin filament move away in presence of Calcium to permit myosin attachment. - correct answers True Individual muscle cells of this type have many nuclei per muscle fiber (multinucleated). - correct answers skeletal muscle T/F: The actin filaments contain club-shaped extensions that contain ATPase which is utilized to break down ATP for muscle contraction. - correct answers False ATP is a necessary component for: - correct answers muscle fiber relaxation T/F: All nerve fibers in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and in Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) are covered by a sheath. - correct answers True T/F: The motor neuron is a good example of a bipolar neuron. - correct answers False T/F: At an electrical synapse, gap junctional connexons serve to make more easy the passage of neurotransmitters from the post-synaptic fiber to the pre-synaptic fiber. - correct answers False T/F: The cell Body and processes (axons and dendrites) have a dense network of microfilaments to maintain the shape of the cell body and its dendrites and axon. - correct answers False The type of neuroglia which are tree-like in shape and surround CNS axons to produce myelin sheaths is called: - correct answers oligodendroglia In the peripheral nervous system, all nerve fibers are covered by a sheath produced by: - correct answers Schwann Cells T/F: Dendrites are those neuron processes which carry impulses back toward the cell body. - correct answers True In myelinated fibers of the peripheral nervous system, a pattern of diagonal lines is produced which represents trapped cytoplasm and are called: - correct answers Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts T/F: Astrocytes especially contribute to the Blood-Brain Barrier which means that many antibiotics such as penicillin do not cross the epithelial lining of capillaries to reach brain. - correct answers True The type of neuroglia composed of tiny cells with long processes that can change into phagocytic macrophages when the CNS is damaged is called: - correct answers microglia The type of neuroglia which form a layer of supporting epithelial cells that line brain ventricular and central canal of spinal cord is called: - correct answers ependymal cells The area of a nerve fiber where little myelin exists which supports saltatory conduction of a nerve impulse is called: - correct answers Node of Ranvier The ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus is termed: - correct answers irritability T/F: Nissle bodies found in many neurons consist of areas of dense concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. - correct answers False T/F: One of the functions of a synapse is to permit passage of impulse conduction equally well in both directions. - correct answers False The type of neuroglia that is star-shaped and adheres to capillaries and neurons forming a rigid support for cell bodies and axons is called: - correct answers astrocyte T/F: The gray matter of the central nervous system is composed of a myelin sheath produced by oligodendrodria. - correct answers False T/F: The axon hillock is a conical space in the neuron cell body which contains no Nissle Bodies. - correct answers True T/F: The axons of a neuron synthesize all the proteins that are needed for axonal function. - correct answers False T/F: The Central Nervous System consists of the brain, cranial nerves and spinal cord. - correct answers False T/F: At a chemical synapse, a substance called a neurotransmitter is produced to help the impulse jump the gap from the pre-synaptic fiber to the post-synaptic fiber. - correct answers True T/F: The neuroglia are supporting cells of the nervous system and do not carry impulses. - correct answers True Which disease listed below is not one linked to preferential damage to the myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous system. - correct answers Myasthenia gravis T/F: Intestinal villi contain blind lymph capillaries which assist in transporting fat globules to the venous blood supply. - correct answers True In the fundic glands of the stomach, pepsin is produced by the: - correct answers chief cells In the fundic glands of the stomach, mucus is produced by the: - correct answers mucous neck cells T/F: The stomach glands secrete from ml. of chyme in a 24 hour period. - correct answers False T/F: The villi of the large intestine play a major role in water uptake. - correct answers False T/F: Striated muscles in the tongue are arranged in a two-dimensional arrangement to provide for better manipulation of tongue. - correct answers False T/F: The appendix is located near the ileocecal junction. - correct answers True T/F: Bony outgrowths of the maxilla and mandible called alveolar processes form a strong support for the teeth. - correct answers True T/F: Filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue contain about 10 - 12 taste buds per papillae. - correct answers False T/F: Brunner's Glands are located in the submucosa of the duodenum. - correct answers True T/F: The space inside the stomach is considered outside the body. - correct answers True Peptidase which breaks down peptides to individual amino acids is produced by which cells listed below. - correct answers Paneth cells T/F: The portion of the tooth which we can see when we smile and look into the mirror is called the enamel. - correct answers True Paneth cells are found in which glands listed below? - correct answers intestinal glands Tooth dentin is produced by the: - correct answers odontoblasts T/F: The digestive tract begins at the oral cavity and forms a tubular structure that ends at the anus. - correct answers True T/F: The lining epithelium of the esophagus is pseudostratified squamous epithelium. - correct answers False T/F: Gastric intrinsic factor is needed for the uptake of Vitamin B12 which is needed for the production of RBC's in the bone marrow. - correct answers True Tooth enamel is formed by the: - correct answers ameloblasts In which portion of the digestive system do you find stratified squamous epithelium? - correct answers esophagus In the fundic glands of the stomach, gastric intrinsic factor is produced by the: - correct answers parietal cells In which portion of the digestive system do you find the plexus of Meissner? - correct answers small intestine T/F: Large masses of lymph nodes called Peyer's Patches are indicative of the ileum. - correct answers True T/F: The portion of the tooth that is embedded in the gums is covered by dentin. - correct answers False T/F: The muscularis externa of the small intestine is distinguished by the presence of three longitudinal muscle bands called the taniae coli which maintain muscle tonus. - correct answers False T/F: Fundic Glands are found in the stomach mucosa and empty into the gastric pit region of stomach. - correct answers True Which of the functions listed below is not a function of the tongue? - correct answers helps to absorb digested food T/F: No digestion or absorption occurs in esophagus because food passes through this area quickly. - correct answers True T/F: Pernicious anemia is caused by the lack of uptake of Vitamin A. - correct answers False Which function below is not part of the what the small intestine does? - correct answers secrete HCl In the fundic glands of the stomach, serotonin and motilin is produced by the: - correct answers enteroendocrine cells Choose from below the type of tongue papillae that are mushroom-shaped, have a thin epithelial covering and appear red due to appearance of blood vessels just beneath the epithelium. - correct answers fungiform papillae Cementum is formed by: - correct answers cementocytes Choose from below the type of tongue papillae that are located in a V-shaped sulcus at the rear of the dorsal tongue surface. - correct answers circumvallate papillae In the fundic glands of the stomach, HCl is produced by the: - correct answers parietal cells Choose from below the type of tongue papillae that are structured as high, narrow and conical and give them a threadlike appearance. - correct answers filiform papillae In which portion of the digestive system do you find plicae circulares? - correct answers small intestine In which portion of the digestive system do you find the Crypts of Lieberkuhn? - correct answers small intestine T/F: The most striking histological feature of the stomach is the abrupt transition of esophageal simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium. - correct answers False In which portion of the digestive system do you find columnar cells acting as a glandular sheet? - correct answers stomach One function of insulin is: - correct answers decrease blood glucose by making cell membranes more permeable to glucose T/F: Rough endoplasmic reticulum in liver hepatocytes detoxifies barbiturates. - correct answers False The Beta cells of the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans produce: - correct answers insulin T/F: Liver hepatocytes closest to the central vein fill first with glycogen granules and lose them first. - correct answers False T/F: Epinephrine and glucagon stimulate release of glucose from hepatocytes by acting on phosphorylase. - correct answers True The liver sinusoids lined by hepatocytes receives blood from: - correct answers portal vein and hepatic artery The liver receives arterial blood from the: - correct answers hepatic artery T/F: Cholesterol is synthesized by liver hepatocytes. - correct answers True Why is the Greek mythological story about Prometheus important to understanding the functioning of the liver? - correct answers Prometheus was punished by having a vulture eat his liver every day and then it grew back the next day. Which cell types are present in the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans? - correct answers Alpha and Beta and Delta cells One function of glucagon is: - correct answers increase blood glucose by increasing breakdown of glycogen to glucose The Alpha cells of the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans produce: - correct answers glucagon T/F: The portal liver lobule is designed based on the function of the liver in producing bile. - correct answers True T/F: The classical liver lobule is easily observed in human liver sections. - correct answers False The liver receives venous blood by way of the: - correct answers portal vein The Delta cells of the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans produce: - correct answers somatostatin T/F: If the pancreatic duct leading to the intestine is tied, diabetes develops. - correct answers False When chyme enters the intestine from the stomach, the intestinal wall secretes what hormone which causes the pancreas to secrete large amounts of sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme. - correct answers secretin T/F: Bile is secreted into the bile canaliculus running parallel to the liver sinusoid but moves bile in opposite direction of the blood flow through the sinusoid. - correct answers True T/F: Bile salts and bilirubin secreted into the intestine perform no major function there. - correct answers False T/F: The pancreas is an endocrine gland because it secretes pancreozymin. - correct answers False How does the liver act like an exocrine gland? - correct answers secretes bile One function of somatostatin is: - correct answers release growth hormone by pituitary T/F: The liver is an essential human organ which means that humans cannot live long without a liver. - correct answers True T/F: In acute pancreatitis, the pancreatic digestive enzymes become active while they are still in the zygomatic granules and destroy the pancreas by digesting it. - correct answers True Blood leaves the liver sinusoids by way of the: - correct answers central vein T/F: The chromophil cells of the adenohypophysis are divided into acidophils and basophils dependent upon their staining characteristics. - correct answers True The first cell type which an oxygen molecule would have to pass through to get to a blood capillary would be a: - correct answers Type II pneumocyte Which type of epithelium lines the inner cavity of the nose? - correct answers pseudostratified columnar T/F: Throughout neurohypophysis are found round structures of varying size called Herring bodies. - correct answers True T/F: In addition to the alveoli, gas exchange also takes place in the bronchi. - correct answers False T/F: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are both produced by cells of the adenohypophysis. - correct answers False T/F: Bulk of neurohypophysis is made up of many unmyelinated nerve fibers which make up what is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. - correct answers True T/F: The respiratory pathway provides a way for gaseous exchange between the body mass and the air. - correct answers True T/F: The anterior portion of the pituitary is called the neurohypophysis. - correct answers False T/F: Gas exchange takes place only in the alveolar sac area of the lung lobule. - correct answers False T/F: Alveolar pores are small holes found between adjacent alveoli. - correct answers True The tall columnar cells found in the lining epithelium of the nose which have a well developed junctional complex attaching them to sensory cells are called: - correct answers sustentacular cells T/F: During development, the adenohypophysis arises from epithelial tissue forming roof of mouth. - correct answers True T/F: The hypophyseal portal system functions to permit the hypothalamus to control and inhibit the release of hormones by the pituitary. - correct answers True T/F: The respiratory unit is the lung lobule. - correct answers True T/F: Alveolar macrophages absorb foreign particles breathed into the lungs. - correct answers True T/F: The proximal end of olfactory cells has a bulbous head called the olfactory vesicle which has from 6 - 8 olfactory cilia attached to it. - correct answers False Which item below is not considered part of the conducting pathway of the respiratory tract? - correct answers alveoli T/F: Acidophils in the adenohypophysis are thought to produce human growth hormone and prolactin because they stain heavily with Periodic acid-Schiff reaction. - correct answers False Which cell type is round with foamy cytoplasm and produces a film rich in lipoproteins to keep the alveoli from collapsing? - correct answers Type II pneumocyte T/F: The pituitary is protected by being set in a saddle-like depression of the occipital bone called the sella turcica. - correct answers False T/F: The largest portion of neurohypophysis is the pars distalis. - correct answers False T/F: Isolation of granules from basophils of the adenohypophysis shows that prolactin and human growth hormone associated with them. - correct answers False T/F: Olfactory cells are bipolar nerve cells. - correct answers True T/F: The lungs are only organs of respiration. - correct answers False Which statement below is not associated with the exocrine portion of the pancreas? - correct answers Delta cells produce somatostatin What is the largest gland associated with the intestine? - correct answers liver If gastric juice lacked the secretion of parietal cells in the stomach fundic glands, what would happen? - correct answers starch digestion caused by amylase would cease In the banding pattern for the relaxed sarcomere, what filament(s) are present in the I band? - correct answers only actin T/F: Guillain-Barre and multiple schlerosis are both caused by an autoimmune response. - correct answers True What is the function of vasopressin? - correct answers causes contraction of smooth muscle surrounding arterioles If as a histologist, you look at an unlabeled slide of muscle tissue and you note that the striated muscle is in a three-dimensional arrangement, what organ do you know this section comes from? - correct answers tongue Which function is not associated with the liver? - correct answers secretes somatostatin If your lab technician says to you that the neuroglia surrounding the spinal ganglia in a slide made from a patient with an undiagnosed disease look suspicious, what is your first response? - correct answers Can't be a neuroglial cell Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction. - correct answers does not have a role in muscle contraction Select the fine structural element that does not show up in the T tubules of cardiac muscle when compared to skeletal muscle fibers. - correct ans