BIOL 3330 exam 1 questions with detailed correct answers.

phenotype - correct answers observable traits or characteristics wild-type phenotype - correct answers most common phenotype in a population mutant phenotype - correct answers traits alternative to the wild type genetic cross - correct answers a controlled mating experience pure, true breeding - correct answers a variety or a strain that yields offspring that are phenotypically and genetically like itself. most are homozygotes genotype - correct answers underlying genetic makeup of an organism (DNA sequence) Heterozygous/Heterozygote - correct answers individual that has two different alleles Homozygous/Homozygote - correct answers Both alleles are the same (DD, dd) homozygous dominant - correct answers Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA) homozygous recessive - correct answers Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa) ploidy - correct answers the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an individual haploid - correct answers a eukaryotic organism or cell with one copy of every chromosome diploid - correct answers a eukaryotic organism or cell with two copies of every chromosome homologous chromosomes - correct answers Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure sister chromatids - correct answers Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. chromatin - correct answers The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes centromere - correct answers region of chromosome where sister chromatids are connected telomere - correct answers repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome that prevent fusion between ends of chromosomes karyotype - correct answers A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. kinetochore - correct answers a structure on a chromosome where microtubules attach chiasma - correct answers site of crossing over tetrad - correct answers structure containing 4 haploid chromatids that forms during meiosis crossing over - correct answers breakage and reunion process, where homologous chromosomes exchange DNA sequences intron - correct answers section of mRNA that will be removed to make the final mRNA exon - correct answers region of mRNA that will be found in the final mRNA strand and includes segments translated into amino acid sequence incomplete dominance - correct answers Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele epistasis - correct answers A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited. oncogene - correct answers cancer causing gene tumor-supressor gene - correct answers A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer. autosome - correct answers Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome sex chromosome - correct answers Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual pseudo-autosomal region - correct answers region of homology in X and Y chromosome that allows it to synapse so each daughter cell gets a sex chromosome differential region - correct answers where the x and y chromosome differ genetically. no homology hemizygous - correct answers A gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant condition sex-linked trait - correct answers a trait that is determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as the X chromosome or the Y chromosome in humans pedigree - correct answers A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family. affected individual - correct answers Fully shaded within a pedigree x-linked dominant inheritance - correct answers affected fathers pass to all their daughters, affected mothers pass to both X-linked recessive inheritance - correct answers affected son has 2 unaffected parents y-linked inheritance - correct answers only males are affected and is passed from father to son without exception autosomal dominant inheritance - correct answers every individual must have an affected parent and it often appears in every generation maternal inheritance - correct answers affected mothers bear ALL affected offspring regardless of gender autosomal recessive inheritance - correct answers unaffected individuals can have affected offspring reciprocal cross - correct answers a cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with a prior cross product rule - correct answers the probability that two or more independent events will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities addition rule - correct answers Considering mutually exclusive events, the probability of both occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event. conditional probability - correct answers the probability that one event happens given that another event is already known to have happened monohybrid - correct answers A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits dihybrid - correct answers A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene principle of independent assortment - correct answers genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes x^2 test - correct answers test whether observed offspring ratios match those expected from a particular hypothesis discrete trait - correct answers trait that results as the product of a single gene pairing quantitative trait - correct answers A trait in which phenotypes show continuous (numerical) expression polygenic inheritance - correct answers combined effect of two or more genes on a single character environmental variance - correct answers the phenotypic variance of a trait in a population that is attributed to differences in the environment uniparental inheritance - correct answers inheritance pattern in which the progeny have the genotype and phenotype of one parent only, for example, inheritance of mitochondrial genomes paternal inheritance - correct answers a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the male gamete recombinant type - correct answers an offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents meiotic recombination - correct answers independent assortment of loci on separate chromosomes tester - correct answers used in a cross, all are of the same gametic type dihybrid testcross - correct answers a cross that involves the tester and creates a 1:1:1:1 locus - correct answers Location of a gene on a chromosome linked - correct answers two or more genes that tend to be inherited together unlinked - correct answers referring to genes on different chromosomes centiMorgan - correct answers unit of measurement used in genetics to represent the genetic distance between two points on a chromosome genetic map - correct answers An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome. physical map - correct answers map where the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA. artificial selection - correct answers Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits. blending inheritance - correct answers parental traits blend such that their offspring have intermediate traits trait - correct answers A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. self-cross (selfing) - correct answers process where an organism is mated with itself backcross - correct answers Cross between an F1 individual and one of the parental (P) genotypes. principle of equal segregation - correct answers describes how pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells Mendelian Trait - correct answers a trait completely determined by a single gene mendelian inheritance - correct answers the basic principles associated with the transmission of genetic material, forming the basis of genetics, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment somatic cell - correct answers any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells. meiocyte - correct answers a cell in which meiosis takes place chromatid - correct answers one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome histone proteins - correct answers A simple protein bound to DNA, involved in the coiling of chromosomes p and q arms - correct answers p (short) and q (long) acrocentric chromosome - correct answers Chromosome in which the centromere is near one end metacentric chromosome - correct answers Chromosome in which the two chromosome arms are approximately the same length. synapsis - correct answers Pairing of homologous chromosomes synaptonemal complex - correct answers A zipper-like protein structure that causes replicated homologs to become physically connected during prophase of meiosis I; sets the stage for crossing over. silent mutation - correct answers A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. null mutation - correct answers a mutation that results in complete absence of function for the gene haplosufficiency - correct answers One copy of dominant allele produces enough protein to generate dominant phenotype dominant negative mutation - correct answers A mutant allele that in single dose (a heterozygote) wipes out gene function by a spoiler effect on the protein. complete dominance - correct answers a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another co-dominance - correct answers situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism unaffected individual - correct answers person who does not exhibit a particular genetic trait or disease parental type - correct answers the chromosomes found in an offspring that are similar to their parents' gametic type - correct answers the type of r