Maryville NURS 611 patho exam 1 verified with
correct answers 2026/2027 version
What are ribosomes?- correct answer>>>RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that
are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found?- correct answer>>>cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function?- correct answer>>>provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)?- correct answer>>>a network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do?- correct answer>>>takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do?- correct answer>>>maintain cellular health
by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of
signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes?- correct answer>>>leads to progressive loss of
lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate?- correct answer>>>nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions
that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for?- correct answer>>>cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain?- correct answer>>>enzymes
of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation
that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things
(2), and metabolizes what three things (3)?- correct answer>>>1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements?- correct answer>>>carbs, proteins, and lipids
, What is physiologic atrophy?- correct answer>>>occurs in early development. ex:
thymus glad during childhood
Apoptosis- correct answer>>>A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis- correct answer>>>Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and
heart)- correct answer>>>hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia?- correct answer>>>ischemia
Main component of a cell- correct answer>>>nucleus
What does the nucleus contain?- correct answer>>>nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of?- correct answer>>>RNA, most of cellular DNA,
DNA binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important?- correct answer>>>histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
What is pathologic atrophy?- correct answer>>>occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy?- correct answer>>>increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy?- correct answer>>>hypertrophy of
myocardial cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy- correct answer>>>cardiomegaly in a hypertensive
patient
What is hyperplasia?- correct answer>>>increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia?- correct answer>>>regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia- correct answer>>>endometrial tissue
example of hormonal hyperplasia- correct answer>>>enlargement of the uterus during
pregnancy
correct answers 2026/2027 version
What are ribosomes?- correct answer>>>RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that
are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found?- correct answer>>>cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function?- correct answer>>>provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)?- correct answer>>>a network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do?- correct answer>>>takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do?- correct answer>>>maintain cellular health
by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of
signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes?- correct answer>>>leads to progressive loss of
lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate?- correct answer>>>nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions
that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for?- correct answer>>>cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain?- correct answer>>>enzymes
of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation
that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things
(2), and metabolizes what three things (3)?- correct answer>>>1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements?- correct answer>>>carbs, proteins, and lipids
, What is physiologic atrophy?- correct answer>>>occurs in early development. ex:
thymus glad during childhood
Apoptosis- correct answer>>>A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis- correct answer>>>Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and
heart)- correct answer>>>hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia?- correct answer>>>ischemia
Main component of a cell- correct answer>>>nucleus
What does the nucleus contain?- correct answer>>>nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of?- correct answer>>>RNA, most of cellular DNA,
DNA binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important?- correct answer>>>histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
What is pathologic atrophy?- correct answer>>>occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy?- correct answer>>>increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy?- correct answer>>>hypertrophy of
myocardial cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy- correct answer>>>cardiomegaly in a hypertensive
patient
What is hyperplasia?- correct answer>>>increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia?- correct answer>>>regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia- correct answer>>>endometrial tissue
example of hormonal hyperplasia- correct answer>>>enlargement of the uterus during
pregnancy
