PSYC 355- Cognition Final Exam Latest 2026 Updated
Questions and Verified 100% Solutions (2026/2027) |A+
Graded |Guaranteed Pass
Subvocalization - Answer -Silently pronouncing words during reading
Self-instruction - Answer -Subvocal reminders about something that needs to be done. This
process involves the phonological loop
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - Answer -A nonsurgical neuroscience technique that
uses a magnetic field to briefly stimulate a specific location on the cortex. This stimulation
interferes—very briefly—with information processing, but it does not harm the brain.
visuospatial sketchpad - Answer -The component of working memory that processes both visual
and spatial information. Visuospatial working memory has also been known as visuospatial
sketchpad, and short-term visual memory
central executive - Answer -The component of working memory that integrates information
from the phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, the episodic buffer, and long-term
memory. The central executive also plays a role in attention, planning, and coordinating other
cognitive activities.
episodic buffer - Answer -In working memory, a temporary storehouse that can hold and
combine information from the phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, and long-term
memory.
1|Page
,major depression - Answer -A psychological disorder characterized by feeling sad, discouraged,
and hopeless; fatigue and lack of interest in leisure activities are also common. This disorder can
interfere with the ability to perform daily cognitive and physical tasks.
ruminative style - Answer -Worrying continuously about the problems that are wrong in one's
life.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Answer -A psychological disorder
characterized by difficulty paying attention at school, at work, and in other activities, as well as
hyperactivity and impulsivity. People with ADHD often have more difficulty than others on
central-executive tasks, especially when they must inhibit a response, plan a project, or work on
two tasks at the same time.
Attention - Answer -A concentration of mental activity.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - Answer -A psychological disorder characterized by at least
6 months of intense, long-lasting anxiety and worry.
divided-attention task - Answer -A situation in which people try to pay attention to two or more
simultaneous messages, responding appropriately to each message. Both speed and accuracy
frequently suffer during this task.
2|Page
,multitask - Answer -An attempt to accomplish two or more tasks at the same time. However, the
research shows that people frequently work more slowly or make more mistakes when they try
to multitask.
selective-attention task - Answer -A situation in which people are instructed to pay attention to
certain kinds of information, while ignoring other ongoing information.
shadow - Answer -In attention research, a task in which participants can hear two messages;
however, they are instructed to listen to only one message and then repeat it after the speaker.
dichotic listening - Answer -A laboratory technique in which one message is presented to the
left ear and a different message is presented to the right ear.
cocktail party effect - Answer -The phenomenon of noticing one's own name, when it is
mentioned in a nearby conversation, even when paying close attention to another conversation.
working memory - Answer -The brief, immediate memory for the limited amount of material
that a person is currently processing. Part of working memory also actively coordinates ongoing
mental activities. In the current research, the term working memory is more popular than a
similar but older term, short-term memory.
3|Page
, Stroop effect - Answer -The observation that people take a long time to name an ink color that
has been used in printing an incongruent word, even though they can quickly name that same
ink color when it appears as a solid patch.
emotional Stroop task - Answer -When people are instructed to name the ink color of words
that could have strong emotional significance to them, they often require more time to name
the color of the stimuli, presumably because they have trouble ignoring their emotional
reactions to the words.
phobic disorder - Answer -An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive fear of a specific
object.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Answer -An anxiety disorder characterized by repeated
re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event.
magnetoencephalography (MEG) technique - Answer -A procedure for recording fluctuations in
the magnetic fields produced by neural activity while simultaneously providing course-grained
information about the neural sources of observed effects.
cognitive-behavioral approach - Answer -The theory that psychological problems arise from
inappropriate thinking (cognitive factors) and inappropriate learning (behavioral factors)
4|Page
Questions and Verified 100% Solutions (2026/2027) |A+
Graded |Guaranteed Pass
Subvocalization - Answer -Silently pronouncing words during reading
Self-instruction - Answer -Subvocal reminders about something that needs to be done. This
process involves the phonological loop
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - Answer -A nonsurgical neuroscience technique that
uses a magnetic field to briefly stimulate a specific location on the cortex. This stimulation
interferes—very briefly—with information processing, but it does not harm the brain.
visuospatial sketchpad - Answer -The component of working memory that processes both visual
and spatial information. Visuospatial working memory has also been known as visuospatial
sketchpad, and short-term visual memory
central executive - Answer -The component of working memory that integrates information
from the phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, the episodic buffer, and long-term
memory. The central executive also plays a role in attention, planning, and coordinating other
cognitive activities.
episodic buffer - Answer -In working memory, a temporary storehouse that can hold and
combine information from the phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, and long-term
memory.
1|Page
,major depression - Answer -A psychological disorder characterized by feeling sad, discouraged,
and hopeless; fatigue and lack of interest in leisure activities are also common. This disorder can
interfere with the ability to perform daily cognitive and physical tasks.
ruminative style - Answer -Worrying continuously about the problems that are wrong in one's
life.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Answer -A psychological disorder
characterized by difficulty paying attention at school, at work, and in other activities, as well as
hyperactivity and impulsivity. People with ADHD often have more difficulty than others on
central-executive tasks, especially when they must inhibit a response, plan a project, or work on
two tasks at the same time.
Attention - Answer -A concentration of mental activity.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - Answer -A psychological disorder characterized by at least
6 months of intense, long-lasting anxiety and worry.
divided-attention task - Answer -A situation in which people try to pay attention to two or more
simultaneous messages, responding appropriately to each message. Both speed and accuracy
frequently suffer during this task.
2|Page
,multitask - Answer -An attempt to accomplish two or more tasks at the same time. However, the
research shows that people frequently work more slowly or make more mistakes when they try
to multitask.
selective-attention task - Answer -A situation in which people are instructed to pay attention to
certain kinds of information, while ignoring other ongoing information.
shadow - Answer -In attention research, a task in which participants can hear two messages;
however, they are instructed to listen to only one message and then repeat it after the speaker.
dichotic listening - Answer -A laboratory technique in which one message is presented to the
left ear and a different message is presented to the right ear.
cocktail party effect - Answer -The phenomenon of noticing one's own name, when it is
mentioned in a nearby conversation, even when paying close attention to another conversation.
working memory - Answer -The brief, immediate memory for the limited amount of material
that a person is currently processing. Part of working memory also actively coordinates ongoing
mental activities. In the current research, the term working memory is more popular than a
similar but older term, short-term memory.
3|Page
, Stroop effect - Answer -The observation that people take a long time to name an ink color that
has been used in printing an incongruent word, even though they can quickly name that same
ink color when it appears as a solid patch.
emotional Stroop task - Answer -When people are instructed to name the ink color of words
that could have strong emotional significance to them, they often require more time to name
the color of the stimuli, presumably because they have trouble ignoring their emotional
reactions to the words.
phobic disorder - Answer -An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive fear of a specific
object.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Answer -An anxiety disorder characterized by repeated
re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event.
magnetoencephalography (MEG) technique - Answer -A procedure for recording fluctuations in
the magnetic fields produced by neural activity while simultaneously providing course-grained
information about the neural sources of observed effects.
cognitive-behavioral approach - Answer -The theory that psychological problems arise from
inappropriate thinking (cognitive factors) and inappropriate learning (behavioral factors)
4|Page
