NSG530 Final Exam V1 | NSG 530
Advanced Pathophysiology | Wilkes
University
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of cells in an organ
or tissue?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased
rate of cellular division. This process often occurs in response to hormonal stimulation or
as a compensatory mechanism for tissue loss. It is a controlled process that typically
regresses once the stimulus is removed.
2. A patient’s EKG shows tall, peaked T waves. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely
responsible?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypernatremia
,D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia significantly affects the repolarization phase of the cardiac action
potential. The most characteristic early finding on an EKG is the presence of tall, peaked T
waves. If left untreated, this can progress to widening of the QRS complex and potentially
fatal arrhythmias.
3. Which mechanism describes Type II (antibody-mediated) hypersensitivity?
A. Immune complex deposition in tissues
B. Antibodies binding to antigens on specific cell surfaces
C. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
D. T-cell mediated delayed response
Answer: B
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves the binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to
antigens located on specific cell surfaces or tissues. This binding triggers the complement
system or phagocytosis, leading to cell destruction. Examples include hemolytic transfusion
reactions and Goodpasture syndrome.
4. What is the primary underlying pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Excessive glucagon production by alpha cells
, C. Increased hepatic glucose output
D. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Answer: D
Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is primarily an autoimmune disease where T-cells
attack and destroy the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to an
absolute deficiency of insulin, requiring lifelong exogenous insulin therapy. Genetic
predisposition and environmental triggers are thought to play significant roles in its
development.
5. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of left-sided heart failure?
A. Pulmonary crackles
B. Jugular venous distension
C. Peripheral edema
D. Hepatomegaly
Answer: A
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation.
This increased hydrostatic pressure leads to fluid leaking into the alveoli, resulting in
pulmonary edema and crackles. In contrast, peripheral edema and hepatomegaly are
typically associated with right-sided heart failure.
Advanced Pathophysiology | Wilkes
University
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of cells in an organ
or tissue?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased
rate of cellular division. This process often occurs in response to hormonal stimulation or
as a compensatory mechanism for tissue loss. It is a controlled process that typically
regresses once the stimulus is removed.
2. A patient’s EKG shows tall, peaked T waves. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely
responsible?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypernatremia
,D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia significantly affects the repolarization phase of the cardiac action
potential. The most characteristic early finding on an EKG is the presence of tall, peaked T
waves. If left untreated, this can progress to widening of the QRS complex and potentially
fatal arrhythmias.
3. Which mechanism describes Type II (antibody-mediated) hypersensitivity?
A. Immune complex deposition in tissues
B. Antibodies binding to antigens on specific cell surfaces
C. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
D. T-cell mediated delayed response
Answer: B
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves the binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to
antigens located on specific cell surfaces or tissues. This binding triggers the complement
system or phagocytosis, leading to cell destruction. Examples include hemolytic transfusion
reactions and Goodpasture syndrome.
4. What is the primary underlying pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Excessive glucagon production by alpha cells
, C. Increased hepatic glucose output
D. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Answer: D
Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is primarily an autoimmune disease where T-cells
attack and destroy the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to an
absolute deficiency of insulin, requiring lifelong exogenous insulin therapy. Genetic
predisposition and environmental triggers are thought to play significant roles in its
development.
5. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of left-sided heart failure?
A. Pulmonary crackles
B. Jugular venous distension
C. Peripheral edema
D. Hepatomegaly
Answer: A
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation.
This increased hydrostatic pressure leads to fluid leaking into the alveoli, resulting in
pulmonary edema and crackles. In contrast, peripheral edema and hepatomegaly are
typically associated with right-sided heart failure.
