CCI ADULT ECHO CTL FINAL PAPER
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE ANSWERS
COMPLETE PREPARATION KIT
●● From the left parasternal window which of the following are you
most likely to get accurate velocity measurements?
Answer: Pulmonary artery
●● In the parasternal short axis view (PSAX), which tricuspid leaflets
are seen
Answer: Anterior and medial/ septal
Posterior can only be seen in RVIT plax
●● Where is the LAA on TTE?
Answer: Sometimes in the parasternal SAX Aortic Valve level
(Typically seen in the apical 2ch)
Normal LAA Velocity 46 cm/ sec?
●● The coronary arteries come off the?
Answer: Sinuses of Valsalva
,●● During which phase do the coronaries fill?
Answer: Early diastole
●● What is the structure under the arch?
Answer: Right pulmonary artery
●● What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic valve?
Answer: Coarctation of the aorta (80%)
NOTE: coarctation , MVP, and AO dissections, bicuspid AOV are all
related to Marfans
Systolic click ejection= bicuspid AoV
Mid Systolic click = MVP
**TURNERS SYNDROME = MVP AND coarctation
●● Where are the pulmonary veins located?
Answer: Right and left superior (upper) pulmonary veins inferior to the
LV
NOTE: Can be seen on apical 4 chamber w/ inferior angulation.
,●● Where is the Chiari network (system) located?
Answer: Right Atrium
The chiari network is the Fenestrated portion of the Eustachian valve
it is located in the Right Atrium
●● What frequency is usually used for TTE and TEE?
Answer: TTE: 2-7 MHz
TEE: 5-7MHz
●● At what temperature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe?
Answer: 40-50C or the highest temperature
●● What is absolute refractory state?
Answer: That period when a muscle cell is not excitable- from phase I
until into phase 3 the "relative refractory period" is during phase 3 and
the muscle cell might contract if the stimulus is strong.
●● What does the P-R interval represent?
Answer: Includes P-R segment (from atrial to ventricular depolarization)
●● What is a normal duration for the QRS complex?
Answer: 0.10 sec.
, ●● Acute Aortic Insufficiency or Aortic regurgitation is _____ because
we shift up the Starling curve.
Answer: Hyper-contractile (Regurgitation increases preload, muscle
tension/contractility increases and eventually results in dilitation,
Volume overloads
●● Chronic Aortic Insufficiency or Aortic regurgitation is _____ when
we drop off the end.
Answer: Failure
●● Does a PDA increase Left Ventricle preload?
Answer: Yes-when the shunt is Left to Right.
●● Calculate CO:
Answer: CO=HR x CSA OR CO=SV x HR
Normal is 4-8 L/min depending on BSA
SV/EDV x 100
●● What is the Bernoulli equation?
Answer: 4V2 NOTE: THIS EQUATION IS USED TO CHANGE
VELOCITY TO PRESSURES
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE ANSWERS
COMPLETE PREPARATION KIT
●● From the left parasternal window which of the following are you
most likely to get accurate velocity measurements?
Answer: Pulmonary artery
●● In the parasternal short axis view (PSAX), which tricuspid leaflets
are seen
Answer: Anterior and medial/ septal
Posterior can only be seen in RVIT plax
●● Where is the LAA on TTE?
Answer: Sometimes in the parasternal SAX Aortic Valve level
(Typically seen in the apical 2ch)
Normal LAA Velocity 46 cm/ sec?
●● The coronary arteries come off the?
Answer: Sinuses of Valsalva
,●● During which phase do the coronaries fill?
Answer: Early diastole
●● What is the structure under the arch?
Answer: Right pulmonary artery
●● What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic valve?
Answer: Coarctation of the aorta (80%)
NOTE: coarctation , MVP, and AO dissections, bicuspid AOV are all
related to Marfans
Systolic click ejection= bicuspid AoV
Mid Systolic click = MVP
**TURNERS SYNDROME = MVP AND coarctation
●● Where are the pulmonary veins located?
Answer: Right and left superior (upper) pulmonary veins inferior to the
LV
NOTE: Can be seen on apical 4 chamber w/ inferior angulation.
,●● Where is the Chiari network (system) located?
Answer: Right Atrium
The chiari network is the Fenestrated portion of the Eustachian valve
it is located in the Right Atrium
●● What frequency is usually used for TTE and TEE?
Answer: TTE: 2-7 MHz
TEE: 5-7MHz
●● At what temperature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe?
Answer: 40-50C or the highest temperature
●● What is absolute refractory state?
Answer: That period when a muscle cell is not excitable- from phase I
until into phase 3 the "relative refractory period" is during phase 3 and
the muscle cell might contract if the stimulus is strong.
●● What does the P-R interval represent?
Answer: Includes P-R segment (from atrial to ventricular depolarization)
●● What is a normal duration for the QRS complex?
Answer: 0.10 sec.
, ●● Acute Aortic Insufficiency or Aortic regurgitation is _____ because
we shift up the Starling curve.
Answer: Hyper-contractile (Regurgitation increases preload, muscle
tension/contractility increases and eventually results in dilitation,
Volume overloads
●● Chronic Aortic Insufficiency or Aortic regurgitation is _____ when
we drop off the end.
Answer: Failure
●● Does a PDA increase Left Ventricle preload?
Answer: Yes-when the shunt is Left to Right.
●● Calculate CO:
Answer: CO=HR x CSA OR CO=SV x HR
Normal is 4-8 L/min depending on BSA
SV/EDV x 100
●● What is the Bernoulli equation?
Answer: 4V2 NOTE: THIS EQUATION IS USED TO CHANGE
VELOCITY TO PRESSURES
