NRSG 326- Final Exam with Complete
Solutions
3 most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and women - ANSWER-1. Prostate/Breast
2. Lung
3. Colorectal
3 most common cancers to result in death in men and women - ANSWER-1. Lung
2. Breast/Prostate
3. Colorectal
Prevalence definition - ANSWER-The total number of cases within a population at a
given time
Incidence definition - ANSWER-Number of new cases during a given time
Common Cancer Risk Factors - ANSWER-1. Obesity
2. Smoking
3. Sun exposure
4. Poor diet
5. Lack of physical activity
Cancer warning signs - ANSWER-CAUTION UP
- Change in bowel or bladder
- A lesion that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious changes in wart or mole
- Nagging cough or persistent hoarsness
- Unexplained weight loss
- Pernicious anemia
What is the mnemonic to remember cancer warning signs - ANSWER-CAUTION UP
Initiation stage of Cancer - ANSWER-A mutation in the cell's genetic structure resulting
from mutation during DNA replication or after exposure to a carcinogen. This cell has
the potential to develop into a clone of neoplastic cells
Promotion stage of Cancer - ANSWER-The second stage in cancer development,
characterized by the REVERSIBLE proliferation of the altered cells.
,Progression stage of cancer - ANSWER-The final stage of cancer, this stage is
characterized by increased growth rate of the tumour and increased invasiveness and
spread.
Promoting cancer agents - ANSWER-- Dietary fat
- Obesity
- Alcohol consumption
- Physical and psychological stress
Agents that may initiate and promote cancer - ANSWER-- Tobacco
- Alcohol
Common sites for metastasis to occur - ANSWER-- brain
- bone
- liver
- adrenal glands
Grading cancer - ANSWER-Anatomical site and histological analysis
Staging of cancer - ANSWER-classifying the extent and stage of the disease rather than
appearance of cells
Grade I tumour - ANSWER-cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well
differentiated
Grade II tumour - ANSWER-cells are more abnormal and moderately differentiated
Grade III tumour - ANSWER-cells are very abnormal and poorly differentiated
Grade IV tumour - ANSWER-cells are immature and primitive (anaplasia) and
undifferentiated; cell origin is difficult to determine
Stage 0 cancer - ANSWER-Cancer in situ
Stage I cancer - ANSWER-tumour limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumour growth
Stage II cancer - ANSWER-limited local spread
Stage III - ANSWER-Extensive local and regional spread (larger and into the nearby
tissue/lymph)
Stage IV - ANSWER-Metastasis (spread through blood or lymph to distant site in body
Primary tumour size (T) in TNM - ANSWER-T0: no evidence of tumour
Tis: Hasn't grown into nearby tissue
, T1-4: Has grown into nearby tissue (1-4 describe how much)
Lymph nodes (N) in TNM - ANSWER-N0: no cancer in lymph nodes
N1-3: Has spread into lymph nodes (1-3 describe how many lymph nodes affected and
how much cancer)
Metastases (M) in TNM - ANSWER-M0: Cancer hasn't spread toother part of the body
M1: Cancer has spread to other parts of body
How to manage fatigue in cancer - ANSWER-- Good nutrition
- Good hydration
- Alternate rest and activity
- assistance with responsibilities
- Manage pain and anxiety
How to manage anorexia in cancer - ANSWER-- small frequent meals with high protein
- High calorie foods
- Monitor weight
Risk of bone marrow suppression in cancer - ANSWER-Could develop neutropenia
which puts them at high risk for infection and sepsis
Treatment for dry desquamation - ANSWER-Lubricate with lotion with no metals,
alcohol, perfume, or additives that irritate the skin
Treatment for wet desquamation - ANSWER-Keep clean, protect from further damage
When does hair regrowth begin after chemotherapy - ANSWER-3-4 wks after treatment
stops
What is xerostomia - ANSWER-dry mouth
Patient teaching for xerostomia - ANSWER-- examine mouth and gums regularly
- oral care before and after eating
- salt water is an effective cleansing agent
-a teaspoon of sodium bicarb in water can decrease odour, alleviate pain, and dissolve
mucin
Pulmonary side effects of radiation - ANSWER-- Pneumonitis
- often asymptomatic but cough fever and night sweats may occur
Pulmonary effects of chemotherapy - ANSWER-- Pulmonary edema
- Interstitial fibrosis
- Pneumonitis
Solutions
3 most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and women - ANSWER-1. Prostate/Breast
2. Lung
3. Colorectal
3 most common cancers to result in death in men and women - ANSWER-1. Lung
2. Breast/Prostate
3. Colorectal
Prevalence definition - ANSWER-The total number of cases within a population at a
given time
Incidence definition - ANSWER-Number of new cases during a given time
Common Cancer Risk Factors - ANSWER-1. Obesity
2. Smoking
3. Sun exposure
4. Poor diet
5. Lack of physical activity
Cancer warning signs - ANSWER-CAUTION UP
- Change in bowel or bladder
- A lesion that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious changes in wart or mole
- Nagging cough or persistent hoarsness
- Unexplained weight loss
- Pernicious anemia
What is the mnemonic to remember cancer warning signs - ANSWER-CAUTION UP
Initiation stage of Cancer - ANSWER-A mutation in the cell's genetic structure resulting
from mutation during DNA replication or after exposure to a carcinogen. This cell has
the potential to develop into a clone of neoplastic cells
Promotion stage of Cancer - ANSWER-The second stage in cancer development,
characterized by the REVERSIBLE proliferation of the altered cells.
,Progression stage of cancer - ANSWER-The final stage of cancer, this stage is
characterized by increased growth rate of the tumour and increased invasiveness and
spread.
Promoting cancer agents - ANSWER-- Dietary fat
- Obesity
- Alcohol consumption
- Physical and psychological stress
Agents that may initiate and promote cancer - ANSWER-- Tobacco
- Alcohol
Common sites for metastasis to occur - ANSWER-- brain
- bone
- liver
- adrenal glands
Grading cancer - ANSWER-Anatomical site and histological analysis
Staging of cancer - ANSWER-classifying the extent and stage of the disease rather than
appearance of cells
Grade I tumour - ANSWER-cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well
differentiated
Grade II tumour - ANSWER-cells are more abnormal and moderately differentiated
Grade III tumour - ANSWER-cells are very abnormal and poorly differentiated
Grade IV tumour - ANSWER-cells are immature and primitive (anaplasia) and
undifferentiated; cell origin is difficult to determine
Stage 0 cancer - ANSWER-Cancer in situ
Stage I cancer - ANSWER-tumour limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumour growth
Stage II cancer - ANSWER-limited local spread
Stage III - ANSWER-Extensive local and regional spread (larger and into the nearby
tissue/lymph)
Stage IV - ANSWER-Metastasis (spread through blood or lymph to distant site in body
Primary tumour size (T) in TNM - ANSWER-T0: no evidence of tumour
Tis: Hasn't grown into nearby tissue
, T1-4: Has grown into nearby tissue (1-4 describe how much)
Lymph nodes (N) in TNM - ANSWER-N0: no cancer in lymph nodes
N1-3: Has spread into lymph nodes (1-3 describe how many lymph nodes affected and
how much cancer)
Metastases (M) in TNM - ANSWER-M0: Cancer hasn't spread toother part of the body
M1: Cancer has spread to other parts of body
How to manage fatigue in cancer - ANSWER-- Good nutrition
- Good hydration
- Alternate rest and activity
- assistance with responsibilities
- Manage pain and anxiety
How to manage anorexia in cancer - ANSWER-- small frequent meals with high protein
- High calorie foods
- Monitor weight
Risk of bone marrow suppression in cancer - ANSWER-Could develop neutropenia
which puts them at high risk for infection and sepsis
Treatment for dry desquamation - ANSWER-Lubricate with lotion with no metals,
alcohol, perfume, or additives that irritate the skin
Treatment for wet desquamation - ANSWER-Keep clean, protect from further damage
When does hair regrowth begin after chemotherapy - ANSWER-3-4 wks after treatment
stops
What is xerostomia - ANSWER-dry mouth
Patient teaching for xerostomia - ANSWER-- examine mouth and gums regularly
- oral care before and after eating
- salt water is an effective cleansing agent
-a teaspoon of sodium bicarb in water can decrease odour, alleviate pain, and dissolve
mucin
Pulmonary side effects of radiation - ANSWER-- Pneumonitis
- often asymptomatic but cough fever and night sweats may occur
Pulmonary effects of chemotherapy - ANSWER-- Pulmonary edema
- Interstitial fibrosis
- Pneumonitis
