NRSG 326 Final Exam with 100%
Correct Answers
How many Canadians are living with or beyond a cancer diagnosis? - ANSWER-Over
1.5 million
What percentage of men will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime? -
ANSWER-45%
What percentage of women will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime? -
ANSWER-43%
What is the likelihood of dying from cancer? - ANSWER-1 in 4 people
Name a modifiable risk factor for cancer. - ANSWER-Tobacco use
What are two nonmodifiable risk factors for cancer? - ANSWER-Family history of cancer
and age over 50
At what age should women begin breast cancer screening in British Columbia? -
ANSWER-Age 40+
What are the screening age ranges for cervical cancer in British Columbia? - ANSWER-
Ages 25-69
What does CAUTION UP stand for in cancer warning signs? - ANSWER-Change in
bowel or bladder, A lesion that won't heal, Unusual bleeding or discharge, Thickening or
lump, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious changes in wart or mole, Nagging
cough or persistent hoarseness, Unexplained weight loss, Pernicious anemia
What is the role of proto-oncogenes? - ANSWER-They regulate cell growth and
division.
What are the three phases of cancer development? - ANSWER-Initiation, Promotion,
Progression
What is the purpose of a biopsy in cancer diagnosis? - ANSWER-To confirm cancer
What characterizes benign tumors? - ANSWER-Slow growing, well defined, do not
metastasize, rarely fatal
,What characterizes malignant tumors? - ANSWER-Rapidly dividing, poorly defined,
invasive, capable of metastasis, can be fatal if untreated
What does Grade I in cancer grading indicate? - ANSWER-Mild dysplasia, well
differentiated
What does the 'T' in TNM staging represent? - ANSWER-Tumor size and local invasion
What does N0 indicate in cancer staging? - ANSWER-No lymph node involvement
What are the symptoms of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome? - ANSWER-Facial and neck
edema, distended veins, headache, seizures, dyspnea
What is the management for spinal cord compression? - ANSWER-Radiation and/or
surgical decompression
What causes hypercalcemia of malignancy? - ANSWER-Bone metastasis or tumor
secretion of PTH-like protein
What is the treatment for tumor lysis syndrome? - ANSWER-IV hydration, phosphate
binders, calcium gluconate, diuretics
What is the purpose of chemotherapy? - ANSWER-To destroy or inhibit cell growth
What are common side effects of chemotherapy? - ANSWER-Myelosuppression,
nausea and vomiting, mucositis, alopecia, fatigue
What electrolyte imbalances should the nurse monitor for in cancer patients? -
ANSWER-Hyperphosphatemia (hypocalcemia), hyperkalemia, and hyperuricemia.
What are the two main types of cancer therapies? - ANSWER-Immunotherapy and
targeted therapy.
What is the role of checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment? - ANSWER-They prevent
cancer cells from turning off T cells.
Name two examples of checkpoint inhibitors. - ANSWER-Atezolizumab and nivolumab.
What are common side effects of immunotherapy? - ANSWER-Immune-mediated
reactions such as colitis, dermatitis, thyroiditis, and pneumonitis.
What is the purpose of hormone therapy in cancer treatment? - ANSWER-To alter the
hormonal environment.
, List some examples of hormone therapy medications. - ANSWER-Prednisone,
dexamethasone, estrogens, progestins, anti-estrogens, androgens, aromatase
inhibitors, LHRH agonists.
What nursing considerations are important for hormone therapy? - ANSWER-
Thrombosis risk and fluid retention.
What are some common cancer-related symptoms? - ANSWER-Oral mucositis,
peripheral neuropathy, nausea and vomiting, dyspnea, anorexia and cachexia, fever
and neutropenia, diarrhea or constipation, fatigue, acneiform rash, and radiation
dermatitis.
What is the focus of nursing in symptom management for cancer patients? - ANSWER-
Early detection and prevention, patient education, pharmacologic and
nonpharmacologic symptom control, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
What is the 48/6 model of care in oncology nursing? - ANSWER-Assess within 48 hours
in areas like cognition and mood, mobility, elimination, nutrition, pain and symptoms,
and social environment.
Describe the process of kidney function in relation to acute kidney injury (AKI). -
ANSWER-AKI is an abrupt decline in kidney function leading to accumulation of urea,
creatinine, potassium, and fluid or electrolyte imbalance.
What are the RIFLE criteria for classifying kidney injury? - ANSWER-Risk, Injury,
Failure, Loss, End-stage kidney disease.
What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? - ANSWER-About 125 mL per
minute.
What is the normal urine output for a healthy adult? - ANSWER-0.5 mL/kg/hour.
What is the primary function of the nephron? - ANSWER-Filtration, reabsorption,
secretion, and excretion of water, electrolytes, and waste.
How do kidneys maintain acid-base balance? - ANSWER-By secreting bicarbonate and
hydrogen ions.
What hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys? - ANSWER-Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH).
What is the role of aldosterone in kidney function? - ANSWER-It increases sodium
reabsorption and potassium excretion.
Correct Answers
How many Canadians are living with or beyond a cancer diagnosis? - ANSWER-Over
1.5 million
What percentage of men will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime? -
ANSWER-45%
What percentage of women will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime? -
ANSWER-43%
What is the likelihood of dying from cancer? - ANSWER-1 in 4 people
Name a modifiable risk factor for cancer. - ANSWER-Tobacco use
What are two nonmodifiable risk factors for cancer? - ANSWER-Family history of cancer
and age over 50
At what age should women begin breast cancer screening in British Columbia? -
ANSWER-Age 40+
What are the screening age ranges for cervical cancer in British Columbia? - ANSWER-
Ages 25-69
What does CAUTION UP stand for in cancer warning signs? - ANSWER-Change in
bowel or bladder, A lesion that won't heal, Unusual bleeding or discharge, Thickening or
lump, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious changes in wart or mole, Nagging
cough or persistent hoarseness, Unexplained weight loss, Pernicious anemia
What is the role of proto-oncogenes? - ANSWER-They regulate cell growth and
division.
What are the three phases of cancer development? - ANSWER-Initiation, Promotion,
Progression
What is the purpose of a biopsy in cancer diagnosis? - ANSWER-To confirm cancer
What characterizes benign tumors? - ANSWER-Slow growing, well defined, do not
metastasize, rarely fatal
,What characterizes malignant tumors? - ANSWER-Rapidly dividing, poorly defined,
invasive, capable of metastasis, can be fatal if untreated
What does Grade I in cancer grading indicate? - ANSWER-Mild dysplasia, well
differentiated
What does the 'T' in TNM staging represent? - ANSWER-Tumor size and local invasion
What does N0 indicate in cancer staging? - ANSWER-No lymph node involvement
What are the symptoms of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome? - ANSWER-Facial and neck
edema, distended veins, headache, seizures, dyspnea
What is the management for spinal cord compression? - ANSWER-Radiation and/or
surgical decompression
What causes hypercalcemia of malignancy? - ANSWER-Bone metastasis or tumor
secretion of PTH-like protein
What is the treatment for tumor lysis syndrome? - ANSWER-IV hydration, phosphate
binders, calcium gluconate, diuretics
What is the purpose of chemotherapy? - ANSWER-To destroy or inhibit cell growth
What are common side effects of chemotherapy? - ANSWER-Myelosuppression,
nausea and vomiting, mucositis, alopecia, fatigue
What electrolyte imbalances should the nurse monitor for in cancer patients? -
ANSWER-Hyperphosphatemia (hypocalcemia), hyperkalemia, and hyperuricemia.
What are the two main types of cancer therapies? - ANSWER-Immunotherapy and
targeted therapy.
What is the role of checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment? - ANSWER-They prevent
cancer cells from turning off T cells.
Name two examples of checkpoint inhibitors. - ANSWER-Atezolizumab and nivolumab.
What are common side effects of immunotherapy? - ANSWER-Immune-mediated
reactions such as colitis, dermatitis, thyroiditis, and pneumonitis.
What is the purpose of hormone therapy in cancer treatment? - ANSWER-To alter the
hormonal environment.
, List some examples of hormone therapy medications. - ANSWER-Prednisone,
dexamethasone, estrogens, progestins, anti-estrogens, androgens, aromatase
inhibitors, LHRH agonists.
What nursing considerations are important for hormone therapy? - ANSWER-
Thrombosis risk and fluid retention.
What are some common cancer-related symptoms? - ANSWER-Oral mucositis,
peripheral neuropathy, nausea and vomiting, dyspnea, anorexia and cachexia, fever
and neutropenia, diarrhea or constipation, fatigue, acneiform rash, and radiation
dermatitis.
What is the focus of nursing in symptom management for cancer patients? - ANSWER-
Early detection and prevention, patient education, pharmacologic and
nonpharmacologic symptom control, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
What is the 48/6 model of care in oncology nursing? - ANSWER-Assess within 48 hours
in areas like cognition and mood, mobility, elimination, nutrition, pain and symptoms,
and social environment.
Describe the process of kidney function in relation to acute kidney injury (AKI). -
ANSWER-AKI is an abrupt decline in kidney function leading to accumulation of urea,
creatinine, potassium, and fluid or electrolyte imbalance.
What are the RIFLE criteria for classifying kidney injury? - ANSWER-Risk, Injury,
Failure, Loss, End-stage kidney disease.
What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? - ANSWER-About 125 mL per
minute.
What is the normal urine output for a healthy adult? - ANSWER-0.5 mL/kg/hour.
What is the primary function of the nephron? - ANSWER-Filtration, reabsorption,
secretion, and excretion of water, electrolytes, and waste.
How do kidneys maintain acid-base balance? - ANSWER-By secreting bicarbonate and
hydrogen ions.
What hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys? - ANSWER-Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH).
What is the role of aldosterone in kidney function? - ANSWER-It increases sodium
reabsorption and potassium excretion.
