CBSE REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2026-2027
Type II pneumocytes - CORRECT ANSWER -surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Polio live v killed vaccine - CORRECT ANSWER -Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - CORRECT ANSWER -Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
Lung maturity determined with - CORRECT ANSWER -Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II
pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes - CORRECT ANSWER -Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs - CORRECT ANSWER -macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
,Elastin stretches and recoils due to - CORRECT ANSWER -Lysine interchain crosslinks
air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - CORRECT ANSWER -Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - CORRECT ANSWER -Exhale of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by - CORRECT ANSWER -LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
Lung Compliance is increased by - CORRECT ANSWER -emphysema, age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - CORRECT ANSWER -DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - CORRECT ANSWER -pulmonary = systemic
Anatomic pulmonary shunting - CORRECT ANSWER -Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
More ventilation is at the - CORRECT ANSWER -BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - CORRECT ANSWER -basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
,low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - CORRECT ANSWER -low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
CO2 transport to lungs - CORRECT ANSWER -*carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
CO poisoning causes - CORRECT ANSWER -carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
Cyanide poisoning causes - CORRECT ANSWER -lactic acidosis
How to treat cyanide poisoning - CORRECT ANSWER -*Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
Normal A-a gradient - CORRECT ANSWER -5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
Increased A-a gradient - CORRECT ANSWER -*Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema
, AT --> AT II
where and how - CORRECT ANSWER -ACE
(- high in sarcoidosis)
In small pulmonary bV
C5a induces what - CORRECT ANSWER -PMN influx (ie: in lungs)
Korotkoff sound - CORRECT ANSWER -BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflation
Pulsus Paradoxus - CORRECT ANSWER -10mmHg difference in
Korotkoff sound
Pulsus Paradoxus occurs in - CORRECT ANSWER -Cardiac Tamponade
Kussmaul sign - CORRECT ANSWER -JVP rises *during inspiration*
Constrictive Pericardiditis
Restrictive/Interstitial Lung Disease:
A-a, FVC, FEV1, EFR - CORRECT ANSWER -Airway widening due to *radial traction* from fibrosis
*increase Aa*
decreased FVC & FEV1
*Increased EFR*
Sarcoidosis - CORRECT ANSWER -*Th1 *noncaseating granulmona
bilateral hilar adenopathy
ANSWERS 2026-2027
Type II pneumocytes - CORRECT ANSWER -surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Polio live v killed vaccine - CORRECT ANSWER -Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - CORRECT ANSWER -Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
Lung maturity determined with - CORRECT ANSWER -Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II
pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes - CORRECT ANSWER -Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs - CORRECT ANSWER -macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
,Elastin stretches and recoils due to - CORRECT ANSWER -Lysine interchain crosslinks
air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - CORRECT ANSWER -Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - CORRECT ANSWER -Exhale of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by - CORRECT ANSWER -LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
Lung Compliance is increased by - CORRECT ANSWER -emphysema, age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - CORRECT ANSWER -DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - CORRECT ANSWER -pulmonary = systemic
Anatomic pulmonary shunting - CORRECT ANSWER -Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
More ventilation is at the - CORRECT ANSWER -BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - CORRECT ANSWER -basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
,low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - CORRECT ANSWER -low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
CO2 transport to lungs - CORRECT ANSWER -*carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
CO poisoning causes - CORRECT ANSWER -carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
Cyanide poisoning causes - CORRECT ANSWER -lactic acidosis
How to treat cyanide poisoning - CORRECT ANSWER -*Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
Normal A-a gradient - CORRECT ANSWER -5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
Increased A-a gradient - CORRECT ANSWER -*Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema
, AT --> AT II
where and how - CORRECT ANSWER -ACE
(- high in sarcoidosis)
In small pulmonary bV
C5a induces what - CORRECT ANSWER -PMN influx (ie: in lungs)
Korotkoff sound - CORRECT ANSWER -BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflation
Pulsus Paradoxus - CORRECT ANSWER -10mmHg difference in
Korotkoff sound
Pulsus Paradoxus occurs in - CORRECT ANSWER -Cardiac Tamponade
Kussmaul sign - CORRECT ANSWER -JVP rises *during inspiration*
Constrictive Pericardiditis
Restrictive/Interstitial Lung Disease:
A-a, FVC, FEV1, EFR - CORRECT ANSWER -Airway widening due to *radial traction* from fibrosis
*increase Aa*
decreased FVC & FEV1
*Increased EFR*
Sarcoidosis - CORRECT ANSWER -*Th1 *noncaseating granulmona
bilateral hilar adenopathy
