Page |1
NURS 611 Pathophysiology Exam 4 Questions and Answers with
Solutions UPDATED!!!
Crohn's disease - ANSWER Inflammatory disorder that affects
any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus
R/F: Smoking, low fiber-high carbohydrate diet, medications
such as NSAIDs, altered intestinal microbiome.
P/P: Spreads with discontinuous TRANSMURAL involvement or
"skip lesions" that can involve any part of the GI tract from the
mouth to the perianal area.
Skip lesions are distinguished by inflamed areas mixed with
uninflamed areas, noncaseating granulomas, fistulas, and deep
penetrating ulcers.
Cardinal Sign: Diarrhea
S/S: Deficiencies in folic acid and vitamin d absorption
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Appendicitis - ANSWER Most common in children 10 to 11 years
of age, up to 19
Most common surgical emergency in the abdomen
10 cases per 10,000 persons
RLQ pain, low-grade fever, nausea, rebound tenderness at
McBurney's point.
P/P: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which is a
projection from the apex of the cecum, becomes hypoxic
Cirrhosis - ANSWER Scar tissue replaces healthy hepatocyte
tissue and is an irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver disease.
It distorts the architecture of the liver parenchyma.
Prevalence 4.5 million
Mortality rate of 44,358 deaths yearly
R/F: Hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease (NAFLD), and hepatitis B is the most common
cause of cirrhosis.
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Colorectal Cancers - ANSWER
Pancreatic Cancer - ANSWER Fourth leading cause of cancer
deaths in the U.S.
Celiac Disease - ANSWER Know as celiac sprue or gluten-
sensitive enteropathy, is an autoimmune disease that damages
small intestinal villous epithelium when gluten (gliadin), the
protein component of wheat derivatives, barley, or rye, is
ingested.
P/P: HLA-DQ2- or HLA-DQ8-induced CD4+ T-cell-mediated
autoimmune injury to genetically susceptible individuals' small
intestinal epithelial cells.
Gluten Sensitivity - ANSWER Patients will not have positive
antibodies, nor will they exhibit classic intestinal villous atrophy.
Portal hypertension - ANSWER Thrombosis of the portal vein is
the most common cause of portal hypertension in children, and
splenomegaly is the most common sign.
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Primary lactose intolerance - ANSWER P/P: The inability to
digest milk sugar because of a lack of the enzyme lactase results
in osmotic diarrhea.
S/S: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence
TX: A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides,
monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) or probiotics
Intussusception - ANSWER Telescoping of a proximal segment of
the intestine into a distal segment causes an obstruction. It
occurs most commonly in the area of the ileocecal junction.
GERD - ANSWER Reflux of acid and pepsin or bile salts from the
stomach into the esophagus, causing esophagitis
Prevalence: 18% to 27% in North America.
R/F: Age, obesity, hiatal hernia, drugs (anticholinergics, nitrates,
calcium channel blockers, nicotine), asthma, chronic cough.
NURS 611 Pathophysiology Exam 4 Questions and Answers with
Solutions UPDATED!!!
Crohn's disease - ANSWER Inflammatory disorder that affects
any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus
R/F: Smoking, low fiber-high carbohydrate diet, medications
such as NSAIDs, altered intestinal microbiome.
P/P: Spreads with discontinuous TRANSMURAL involvement or
"skip lesions" that can involve any part of the GI tract from the
mouth to the perianal area.
Skip lesions are distinguished by inflamed areas mixed with
uninflamed areas, noncaseating granulomas, fistulas, and deep
penetrating ulcers.
Cardinal Sign: Diarrhea
S/S: Deficiencies in folic acid and vitamin d absorption
, Page |2
Appendicitis - ANSWER Most common in children 10 to 11 years
of age, up to 19
Most common surgical emergency in the abdomen
10 cases per 10,000 persons
RLQ pain, low-grade fever, nausea, rebound tenderness at
McBurney's point.
P/P: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which is a
projection from the apex of the cecum, becomes hypoxic
Cirrhosis - ANSWER Scar tissue replaces healthy hepatocyte
tissue and is an irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver disease.
It distorts the architecture of the liver parenchyma.
Prevalence 4.5 million
Mortality rate of 44,358 deaths yearly
R/F: Hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease (NAFLD), and hepatitis B is the most common
cause of cirrhosis.
, Page |3
Colorectal Cancers - ANSWER
Pancreatic Cancer - ANSWER Fourth leading cause of cancer
deaths in the U.S.
Celiac Disease - ANSWER Know as celiac sprue or gluten-
sensitive enteropathy, is an autoimmune disease that damages
small intestinal villous epithelium when gluten (gliadin), the
protein component of wheat derivatives, barley, or rye, is
ingested.
P/P: HLA-DQ2- or HLA-DQ8-induced CD4+ T-cell-mediated
autoimmune injury to genetically susceptible individuals' small
intestinal epithelial cells.
Gluten Sensitivity - ANSWER Patients will not have positive
antibodies, nor will they exhibit classic intestinal villous atrophy.
Portal hypertension - ANSWER Thrombosis of the portal vein is
the most common cause of portal hypertension in children, and
splenomegaly is the most common sign.
, Page |4
Primary lactose intolerance - ANSWER P/P: The inability to
digest milk sugar because of a lack of the enzyme lactase results
in osmotic diarrhea.
S/S: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence
TX: A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides,
monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) or probiotics
Intussusception - ANSWER Telescoping of a proximal segment of
the intestine into a distal segment causes an obstruction. It
occurs most commonly in the area of the ileocecal junction.
GERD - ANSWER Reflux of acid and pepsin or bile salts from the
stomach into the esophagus, causing esophagitis
Prevalence: 18% to 27% in North America.
R/F: Age, obesity, hiatal hernia, drugs (anticholinergics, nitrates,
calcium channel blockers, nicotine), asthma, chronic cough.
