Advanced Pathophysiology Practice Questions with answers
1. What are the signaling molecules released by immune cells that influence
the immune response?
Enzymes
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Cytokines
2. What are the membrane-bound organelles that contain oxidative
enzymes like catalase?
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
3. Describe the physiological response of cells when placed in a hypertonic
solution.
Cells lose water and shrink due to osmosis.
Cells remain unchanged as water balance is maintained.
Cells burst due to excessive water intake.
Cells gain water and swell due to osmosis.
4. The internal structures of a cell that maintain its shape and allow it to
move are called:
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, nucleoli
cytoskeleton
Golgi bodies
matrices
organelles
5. Describe the physiological process that occurs in the body when there is an
increase in H+ ions in the bloodstream.
The heart pumps faster to circulate blood more effectively.
The liver converts H+ ions into glucose for energy.
The kidneys retain more H+ ions to balance the pH.
The body increases ventilation to expel CO2, which helps to reduce
H+ concentration.
6. Incidence is defined as the number of NEW cases of an illness per population
at risk in a given amount oftime.
= new cases population at risk / time
Incidence
7. What is the function of cytokines in the immune system?
They activate immune cells and promote inflammation
They recognize and eliminate foreign substances
They produce antibodies
They directly kill infected cells
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,8. Cancer cell sustain proliferative signaling by:
producing their own growth factors and the corresponding receptors
overexpressing growth factor receptors
all answers are correct
altering receptor signaling cascade that make them more responsive
to the signals
9. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by what pattern of inheritance?
Autosomal dominant
X-linked recessive
X-linked dominant
Autosomal recessive
10. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that
are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized?
Correct answer
Paracrine signaling
11. The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three
substances?
Thyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin A
Thyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin A
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, Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin D
12. In a scenario where a tissue is experiencing excessive cell proliferation,
how might apoptosis be beneficial?
Apoptosis can help regulate cell numbers and prevent tumor
formation.
Apoptosis will enhance the signaling mechanisms between cells.
Apoptosis will increase nutrient absorption in the tissue.
Apoptosis will improve the efficiency of cellular respiration.
13. Describe how carbon monoxide affects the plasma membrane and its
implications for cellular health.
Carbon monoxide enhances the signaling mechanisms within the cell.
Carbon monoxide strengthens the plasma membrane, making cells
more resilient.
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen
transport, which can lead to cellular hypoxia.
Carbon monoxide increases the permeability of the plasma
membrane, allowing more nutrients to enter.
14. If a patient experiences severe hypoxia, which cellular process would be
most critically impaired?
Aerobic respiration
Protein synthesis
Cell division
Anaerobic respiration
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1. What are the signaling molecules released by immune cells that influence
the immune response?
Enzymes
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Cytokines
2. What are the membrane-bound organelles that contain oxidative
enzymes like catalase?
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
3. Describe the physiological response of cells when placed in a hypertonic
solution.
Cells lose water and shrink due to osmosis.
Cells remain unchanged as water balance is maintained.
Cells burst due to excessive water intake.
Cells gain water and swell due to osmosis.
4. The internal structures of a cell that maintain its shape and allow it to
move are called:
1/51
, nucleoli
cytoskeleton
Golgi bodies
matrices
organelles
5. Describe the physiological process that occurs in the body when there is an
increase in H+ ions in the bloodstream.
The heart pumps faster to circulate blood more effectively.
The liver converts H+ ions into glucose for energy.
The kidneys retain more H+ ions to balance the pH.
The body increases ventilation to expel CO2, which helps to reduce
H+ concentration.
6. Incidence is defined as the number of NEW cases of an illness per population
at risk in a given amount oftime.
= new cases population at risk / time
Incidence
7. What is the function of cytokines in the immune system?
They activate immune cells and promote inflammation
They recognize and eliminate foreign substances
They produce antibodies
They directly kill infected cells
2/51
,8. Cancer cell sustain proliferative signaling by:
producing their own growth factors and the corresponding receptors
overexpressing growth factor receptors
all answers are correct
altering receptor signaling cascade that make them more responsive
to the signals
9. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by what pattern of inheritance?
Autosomal dominant
X-linked recessive
X-linked dominant
Autosomal recessive
10. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that
are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized?
Correct answer
Paracrine signaling
11. The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three
substances?
Thyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin A
Thyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin A
3/51
, Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin D
12. In a scenario where a tissue is experiencing excessive cell proliferation,
how might apoptosis be beneficial?
Apoptosis can help regulate cell numbers and prevent tumor
formation.
Apoptosis will enhance the signaling mechanisms between cells.
Apoptosis will increase nutrient absorption in the tissue.
Apoptosis will improve the efficiency of cellular respiration.
13. Describe how carbon monoxide affects the plasma membrane and its
implications for cellular health.
Carbon monoxide enhances the signaling mechanisms within the cell.
Carbon monoxide strengthens the plasma membrane, making cells
more resilient.
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen
transport, which can lead to cellular hypoxia.
Carbon monoxide increases the permeability of the plasma
membrane, allowing more nutrients to enter.
14. If a patient experiences severe hypoxia, which cellular process would be
most critically impaired?
Aerobic respiration
Protein synthesis
Cell division
Anaerobic respiration
4/51
