CHEM 108 Chapter 18 Final Exam Review – UNLV Chemistry Study Guide & Practice Questions
(2026)
Catabolic Reactions - ANS ✔✔Reaction which break down large molecules to provide ATP
energy and smaller molecules
Anabolic Reactions - ANS ✔✔Reaction which uses ATP energy to build larger molecules
Stages of Metabolism - ANS ✔✔1. Digestion/Hydrolysis
2. Break down molecules into 2 or 3-carbon compounds
3. Oxidation
Purpose of Digestion and Hydrolysis in Metabolism - ANS ✔✔To break down large molecules
into smaller molecules so they can enter the bloodstream
Purpose of Oxidation in Metabolism - ANS ✔✔For smaller molecules to enter the Citric Acid
cycle and ETC in order to provide ATP
7.3 Kcal per mole - ANS ✔✔The amount of Kcal released by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP
ATP - ANS ✔✔Used in anabolic reactions
ATP - ANS ✔✔Energy storing molecule
ATP - ANS ✔✔Coupled with energy requiring reactions
ADP + Pi - ANS ✔✔Hydrolysis products
,Pi - ANS ✔✔PO4(3-)
Acidic / low pH - ANS ✔✔Environment of the stomach that stops digestion of starches
Enzymes produced in the pancreas - ANS ✔✔These break down dextrins into maltose and
glucose
Alkylyne/basic pH of about 8 - ANS ✔✔pH of the small intestine
Enzymes produced in the small intestine - ANS ✔✔These hydrolyze maltose, lactose, and
sucrose into their monosaccharides
Monosaccharides - ANS ✔✔These are absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to the liver
where fructose and galactose are converted to glucose
Bile salts in the small intestine - ANS ✔✔Where digestion of fats begin
Low pH 2 of the stomach - ANS ✔✔Where digestion of proteins begins
Fatty Acids/Glycerols - ANS ✔✔End product in the digestion of fats
Amino Acids - ANS ✔✔End product in the digestion of proteins
Glucose - ANS ✔✔End product in the digestion of Carbohydrates
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Required for reactions that produce C=O bonds.
,NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Converts C-O single bonds to double bonds.
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Used in oxidation of alcohols
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Oxidized form of NADH
NADH - ANS ✔✔Reduction product of NAD+ after C=O double bond formation.
NADH - ANS ✔✔Product of alcohol oxidation
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Accepts two electrons and one proton when it is reduced
Oxidation - ANS ✔✔Loss of H(electrons) and increase in number of bonds to Oxygen
Oxidation - ANS ✔✔Gain of an oxygen
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Derived from the vitamin nicotinadmine
Coenzyme A - ANS ✔✔Derived from the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5)
FAD - ANS ✔✔Derived from the vitamin riboflavin (B2)
Reduction - ANS ✔✔Gain of H(electrons) and decrease in number of bonds to Oxygen
Reduction - ANS ✔✔Loss of an oxygen
, FAD - ANS ✔✔Accepts two hydrogen atoms when it is reduced
FAD - ANS ✔✔Used in oxidation reactions to convert C-C single bonds to C=C double bonds
FADH2 - ANS ✔✔"Catches" 2 H's during oxidation of an alkane
FADH2 - ANS ✔✔Reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide
FADH2 - ANS ✔✔Product of FAD
Coenzyme A - ANS ✔✔Used to prepare acetyl groups (CH3CO) for reactions with enzymes
Coenzyme A - ANS ✔✔Thiol (-SH) on this reacts and bonds to an acetyl group (CH3CO)
Acetyl CoA - ANS ✔✔Converted pyruvate under aerobic conditions
Lactate / Lactic Acid - ANS ✔✔Converted pyruvate under anaerobic conditions
The supply of NAD+ - ANS ✔✔What would be the limiting factor for ATP production by
glycolysis in a strenuously-exercising muscle that lacks lactate dehydrogenase?
Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA Production, and TCA - ANS ✔✔Generates NADH or FADH2
Oxidative phosphorylation - ANS ✔✔Receives NADH or FADH2
(2026)
Catabolic Reactions - ANS ✔✔Reaction which break down large molecules to provide ATP
energy and smaller molecules
Anabolic Reactions - ANS ✔✔Reaction which uses ATP energy to build larger molecules
Stages of Metabolism - ANS ✔✔1. Digestion/Hydrolysis
2. Break down molecules into 2 or 3-carbon compounds
3. Oxidation
Purpose of Digestion and Hydrolysis in Metabolism - ANS ✔✔To break down large molecules
into smaller molecules so they can enter the bloodstream
Purpose of Oxidation in Metabolism - ANS ✔✔For smaller molecules to enter the Citric Acid
cycle and ETC in order to provide ATP
7.3 Kcal per mole - ANS ✔✔The amount of Kcal released by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP
ATP - ANS ✔✔Used in anabolic reactions
ATP - ANS ✔✔Energy storing molecule
ATP - ANS ✔✔Coupled with energy requiring reactions
ADP + Pi - ANS ✔✔Hydrolysis products
,Pi - ANS ✔✔PO4(3-)
Acidic / low pH - ANS ✔✔Environment of the stomach that stops digestion of starches
Enzymes produced in the pancreas - ANS ✔✔These break down dextrins into maltose and
glucose
Alkylyne/basic pH of about 8 - ANS ✔✔pH of the small intestine
Enzymes produced in the small intestine - ANS ✔✔These hydrolyze maltose, lactose, and
sucrose into their monosaccharides
Monosaccharides - ANS ✔✔These are absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to the liver
where fructose and galactose are converted to glucose
Bile salts in the small intestine - ANS ✔✔Where digestion of fats begin
Low pH 2 of the stomach - ANS ✔✔Where digestion of proteins begins
Fatty Acids/Glycerols - ANS ✔✔End product in the digestion of fats
Amino Acids - ANS ✔✔End product in the digestion of proteins
Glucose - ANS ✔✔End product in the digestion of Carbohydrates
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Required for reactions that produce C=O bonds.
,NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Converts C-O single bonds to double bonds.
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Used in oxidation of alcohols
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Oxidized form of NADH
NADH - ANS ✔✔Reduction product of NAD+ after C=O double bond formation.
NADH - ANS ✔✔Product of alcohol oxidation
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Accepts two electrons and one proton when it is reduced
Oxidation - ANS ✔✔Loss of H(electrons) and increase in number of bonds to Oxygen
Oxidation - ANS ✔✔Gain of an oxygen
NAD+ - ANS ✔✔Derived from the vitamin nicotinadmine
Coenzyme A - ANS ✔✔Derived from the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5)
FAD - ANS ✔✔Derived from the vitamin riboflavin (B2)
Reduction - ANS ✔✔Gain of H(electrons) and decrease in number of bonds to Oxygen
Reduction - ANS ✔✔Loss of an oxygen
, FAD - ANS ✔✔Accepts two hydrogen atoms when it is reduced
FAD - ANS ✔✔Used in oxidation reactions to convert C-C single bonds to C=C double bonds
FADH2 - ANS ✔✔"Catches" 2 H's during oxidation of an alkane
FADH2 - ANS ✔✔Reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide
FADH2 - ANS ✔✔Product of FAD
Coenzyme A - ANS ✔✔Used to prepare acetyl groups (CH3CO) for reactions with enzymes
Coenzyme A - ANS ✔✔Thiol (-SH) on this reacts and bonds to an acetyl group (CH3CO)
Acetyl CoA - ANS ✔✔Converted pyruvate under aerobic conditions
Lactate / Lactic Acid - ANS ✔✔Converted pyruvate under anaerobic conditions
The supply of NAD+ - ANS ✔✔What would be the limiting factor for ATP production by
glycolysis in a strenuously-exercising muscle that lacks lactate dehydrogenase?
Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA Production, and TCA - ANS ✔✔Generates NADH or FADH2
Oxidative phosphorylation - ANS ✔✔Receives NADH or FADH2
