ECU PSYC 3206 Final Exam Study Guide | Psychology Review, Key Concepts &
Practice Questions
naturalistic observation - ANS ✔✔observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring
situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
correlational research - ANS ✔✔the study of the naturally occurring relationships among
variables
experimental research - ANS ✔✔gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of
subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for
differences in group responses
positive correlation - ANS ✔✔a relationship between two variables in which both variables
either increase or decrease together
negative correlation - ANS ✔✔as one variable increases, the other decreases
Directionality - ANS ✔✔Possibility that when two variables, A and B, are correlated variable A
causes variable B or variable B causes variable A.
third variable problems - ANS ✔✔A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly
manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured
variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest.
cross-sectional study - ANS ✔✔a study in which people of different ages are compared with one
another
, longitudial study - ANS ✔✔research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a
long period
sequential design - ANS ✔✔Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs involving
repeated study of different cohorts over time.
Freud Development - ANS ✔✔psychosexual stages
psychosexual stages - ANS ✔✔the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency,
genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct
erogenous zones
Erikson Developmental Theory - ANS ✔✔-Infancy- 1 yr.: Trust vs. mistrust
1-3 yrs.: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3-6 yrs.: Initiative vs. guilt
6-puberty: Competence vs. inferiority
Teen years-into 20's: Identity vs. role confusion
20's-early 40's: Intimacy vs. isolation
40's-60's: Generativity vs. stagnation
60's-up: Integrity vs. despair
skinner developmental theory - ANS ✔✔Learning, parents who enforce word choice by
providing what is asked, babies learn from what surrounds them
Bandura development theory - ANS ✔✔
germinal stage - ANS ✔✔the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception
Practice Questions
naturalistic observation - ANS ✔✔observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring
situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
correlational research - ANS ✔✔the study of the naturally occurring relationships among
variables
experimental research - ANS ✔✔gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of
subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for
differences in group responses
positive correlation - ANS ✔✔a relationship between two variables in which both variables
either increase or decrease together
negative correlation - ANS ✔✔as one variable increases, the other decreases
Directionality - ANS ✔✔Possibility that when two variables, A and B, are correlated variable A
causes variable B or variable B causes variable A.
third variable problems - ANS ✔✔A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly
manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured
variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest.
cross-sectional study - ANS ✔✔a study in which people of different ages are compared with one
another
, longitudial study - ANS ✔✔research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a
long period
sequential design - ANS ✔✔Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs involving
repeated study of different cohorts over time.
Freud Development - ANS ✔✔psychosexual stages
psychosexual stages - ANS ✔✔the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency,
genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct
erogenous zones
Erikson Developmental Theory - ANS ✔✔-Infancy- 1 yr.: Trust vs. mistrust
1-3 yrs.: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3-6 yrs.: Initiative vs. guilt
6-puberty: Competence vs. inferiority
Teen years-into 20's: Identity vs. role confusion
20's-early 40's: Intimacy vs. isolation
40's-60's: Generativity vs. stagnation
60's-up: Integrity vs. despair
skinner developmental theory - ANS ✔✔Learning, parents who enforce word choice by
providing what is asked, babies learn from what surrounds them
Bandura development theory - ANS ✔✔
germinal stage - ANS ✔✔the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception
