NU 545 Unit 1 Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
The uptake and use of nutrients and other substances
What is metabolic absorption?
from the cells surrounds (pg. 3).
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxida- Peroxisomes contain enzymes to use o2 to remove H
tive reaction? atoms. This produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans
and recycling agents" "as cells complete their life span and
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cel-
die, lysosomes digest...the debris... Lysosomes involved in
lular autodigestion?
this process of autodigestion are called autolysosomes or
autophagomes (pg 7-8).
The nucleus contains the Nucleolus, a small dense struc-
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell?
ture composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
"The main components of cell membranes are lipids and
Cell membranes contain which major chemical compo-
proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid
nents?
bilayer..." pg 12
Dittusion is the movement of a solute molecule from and
area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser
What allows potassium to dittuse in and out of cells?
solute concentration. (pg. 29). Active transport of K+ and
Na+ requires a Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
Plasma membrane pg 12 table 1.1 (functions of mem-
How is the cell protected from injury?
brane).
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the causes a decrease in membrane fluidity and attects the
erythrocytes? cells' ability to transport oxygen
PDGF stimulates proliferation of connective tissue cells
What is platelet-derived growth factor? and neuroglial cells. Can help with creating blood clots.
Pg 38.
What is cell communication? How does it occur?
, NU 545 Unit 1 Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
Cells need to communicate w/ each other to maintain
a stable internal environment, or homeostasis; to regu-
late growth and division... it is done by 3 main ways. 1)
they display plasma membrane-bound signaling mole-
cules (receptors) that attect the cell itself and other cells
in direct physical contact. 2) they attect receptor proteins
inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter
the cell to bind w/ them. 3) they form protein channels
that directly coordinate the activities of the adjacent cells.
Pg 19.
Primary means of cell-to-cell communication. 5 forms
of signaling mediated by secreted molecules: (1) Con-
tact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in close
membrane-membrane contact; (2) Paracrine signaling-
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly
absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine sig-
naling- cells produce signals that they, themselves, re-
What is chemical signaling?
spond to (cancer cells); (4) Hormonal signaling involves
specialized endocrine cells that secrete chemicals called
hormones (TSH). Hormones are released by one set of
cells and travel through the tissue and through the blood-
stream to produce a response in other sets of cells; (5)
Neurohormonal signaling- hormones are released into
the blood by neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
Pancreatic cells secrete and release insulin to signal mus-
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?
cle cells to absorb sugar from the blood for energy. (p.3)
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium
across plasma membranes
, NU 545 Unit 1 Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
The Na+ -K+ antiport system (Na+ moving out of the cell
and K+ moving into the cell) uses the direct energy of ATP
to move these cations. The transporter protein is the en-
zyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). Approximately
60% to 70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to main-
tain the Na+-K+ transport system. 1, three Na+ ions bind
to sodium- binding sites on the carrier's interface. 2, at the
same time, an energy- containing adenosine triphosphate
molecule produced by the cell's mitochondria bind to the
carrier. The ATP disassociates, transferring its stored ener-
gy to the carrier. 3 and 4, the carrier then changes shape,
releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell, and
attracts two potassium ions to its potassium- binding site.
5, the carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing
the two K+ ions and the remnant of the ATP molecule to
the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another
pumping cycle (p.31)
requires life, biologic activity, and the cell's expenditure of
metabolic energy. Unlike passive transport, active trans-
What is active transport? port occurs across only living membranes that have to
drive the flow "uphill" by coupling it to an energy source
(p. 28)
Growth factor, also called cytokines, stimulate an increase
in cell mass or cell growth by promoting the synthesis of
proteins and other macromolecules and inhibiting their
degradation (p. 38)
What are cytokines? Cytokines constitute a large family of small-molecu-
lar-weight soluble intracellular-signaling molecules that
are secreted, bind to a specific cell membrane receptors,
and regulate innate or adaptive immunity; either proin-
flammatory or anti-inflammatory. Majority of important
The uptake and use of nutrients and other substances
What is metabolic absorption?
from the cells surrounds (pg. 3).
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxida- Peroxisomes contain enzymes to use o2 to remove H
tive reaction? atoms. This produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans
and recycling agents" "as cells complete their life span and
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cel-
die, lysosomes digest...the debris... Lysosomes involved in
lular autodigestion?
this process of autodigestion are called autolysosomes or
autophagomes (pg 7-8).
The nucleus contains the Nucleolus, a small dense struc-
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell?
ture composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
"The main components of cell membranes are lipids and
Cell membranes contain which major chemical compo-
proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid
nents?
bilayer..." pg 12
Dittusion is the movement of a solute molecule from and
area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser
What allows potassium to dittuse in and out of cells?
solute concentration. (pg. 29). Active transport of K+ and
Na+ requires a Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
Plasma membrane pg 12 table 1.1 (functions of mem-
How is the cell protected from injury?
brane).
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the causes a decrease in membrane fluidity and attects the
erythrocytes? cells' ability to transport oxygen
PDGF stimulates proliferation of connective tissue cells
What is platelet-derived growth factor? and neuroglial cells. Can help with creating blood clots.
Pg 38.
What is cell communication? How does it occur?
, NU 545 Unit 1 Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
Cells need to communicate w/ each other to maintain
a stable internal environment, or homeostasis; to regu-
late growth and division... it is done by 3 main ways. 1)
they display plasma membrane-bound signaling mole-
cules (receptors) that attect the cell itself and other cells
in direct physical contact. 2) they attect receptor proteins
inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter
the cell to bind w/ them. 3) they form protein channels
that directly coordinate the activities of the adjacent cells.
Pg 19.
Primary means of cell-to-cell communication. 5 forms
of signaling mediated by secreted molecules: (1) Con-
tact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in close
membrane-membrane contact; (2) Paracrine signaling-
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly
absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine sig-
naling- cells produce signals that they, themselves, re-
What is chemical signaling?
spond to (cancer cells); (4) Hormonal signaling involves
specialized endocrine cells that secrete chemicals called
hormones (TSH). Hormones are released by one set of
cells and travel through the tissue and through the blood-
stream to produce a response in other sets of cells; (5)
Neurohormonal signaling- hormones are released into
the blood by neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
Pancreatic cells secrete and release insulin to signal mus-
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?
cle cells to absorb sugar from the blood for energy. (p.3)
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium
across plasma membranes
, NU 545 Unit 1 Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
The Na+ -K+ antiport system (Na+ moving out of the cell
and K+ moving into the cell) uses the direct energy of ATP
to move these cations. The transporter protein is the en-
zyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). Approximately
60% to 70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to main-
tain the Na+-K+ transport system. 1, three Na+ ions bind
to sodium- binding sites on the carrier's interface. 2, at the
same time, an energy- containing adenosine triphosphate
molecule produced by the cell's mitochondria bind to the
carrier. The ATP disassociates, transferring its stored ener-
gy to the carrier. 3 and 4, the carrier then changes shape,
releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell, and
attracts two potassium ions to its potassium- binding site.
5, the carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing
the two K+ ions and the remnant of the ATP molecule to
the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another
pumping cycle (p.31)
requires life, biologic activity, and the cell's expenditure of
metabolic energy. Unlike passive transport, active trans-
What is active transport? port occurs across only living membranes that have to
drive the flow "uphill" by coupling it to an energy source
(p. 28)
Growth factor, also called cytokines, stimulate an increase
in cell mass or cell growth by promoting the synthesis of
proteins and other macromolecules and inhibiting their
degradation (p. 38)
What are cytokines? Cytokines constitute a large family of small-molecu-
lar-weight soluble intracellular-signaling molecules that
are secreted, bind to a specific cell membrane receptors,
and regulate innate or adaptive immunity; either proin-
flammatory or anti-inflammatory. Majority of important
