Microbiology 4000 OSU Final Exam
and Already Solved Solutions 2026
Edition.
Attack Rate - Answer percentage of people who became ill in population after exposure
Incidence Rate - Answer percentage of new cases per unit time
Prevalence - Answer total number of cases whether those be new or not
Morbidity - Answer incidence of disease in a population at risk, incidence of sick people
Mortality - Answer overall death rate in population
Case-Fatality Rate - Answer death rate specifically related to a certain disease, percentage of
population that dies from a specific disease
Endemic Disease - Answer constantly present at low numbers, includes common diseases
that are always present in population with low case-fatality rates (common cold, measles)
Pandemic - Answer disease that has spread worldwide in a relatively short amount of time
Epidemic - Answer disease that has spread across country in a random outbreak over a short
amount of time
What are the three reservoirs of infection - Answer Human, Non-Human animal,
environmental
list characteristics of human reservoirs - Answer often easier to control because we can
interpret more from symptoms, but can be asymptomatic-carriers of disease and contagious
with no symptoms or symptomatic-with symptoms
list characteristics of animal reservoirs - Answer such as mosquitoes, black plague, rabies, etc.
these are very common and are called zoonoses--diseases carried by animals that also can infect
humans
, list characteristics of environmental reservoirs - Answer hardest to eliminate because we
don't know precise location, located in soil and water and are everywhere
Vertical Transmission - Answer direct prenatal or mother-to-child transmission, either
through placenta, during childbirth, or through breastfeeding
Horizontal Transmission - Answer from person to person through air/direct contact/indirect
contact/ food/ water
Infectious Dose - Answer The specific amount of pathogen needed to cause infection
(minimum amount)
Description of Direct Contact transmission and examples - Answer tends to be successful with
low-ID infections (shigella) includes hand shaking, sexual contact, fecal-oral transmission,
Description of Indirect Contact transmission and examples - Answer inanimate objects
including clothing, doorknobs, handles, drinking glasses
Fomite - Answer inanimate object infected with pathogen that can infect individuals
Droplet Transmission is considered - Answer direct mode of contact!
usually spread in small densely populated situations
Cross Contamination - Answer transfer of pathogen from one food to another
Droplet Nuclei - Answer microbes attached to dried material that can be transferred as direct
contact transmission through air after laughing, singing, coughing, etc
HEPA filters can ensure less infected droplets are in air, strong filter
Mechanical Vector - Answer non-living vector, infected by another animal or vector and then
ingested or inhaled (meat infected by fly)
Biological Vector - Answer living vector bearing pathogen, IE mosquito
During Descriptive study, what things should be considered - Answer person, place, time, and
exact details can help pinpoint disease and track it down to exact index case, can help find how
to control disease
and Already Solved Solutions 2026
Edition.
Attack Rate - Answer percentage of people who became ill in population after exposure
Incidence Rate - Answer percentage of new cases per unit time
Prevalence - Answer total number of cases whether those be new or not
Morbidity - Answer incidence of disease in a population at risk, incidence of sick people
Mortality - Answer overall death rate in population
Case-Fatality Rate - Answer death rate specifically related to a certain disease, percentage of
population that dies from a specific disease
Endemic Disease - Answer constantly present at low numbers, includes common diseases
that are always present in population with low case-fatality rates (common cold, measles)
Pandemic - Answer disease that has spread worldwide in a relatively short amount of time
Epidemic - Answer disease that has spread across country in a random outbreak over a short
amount of time
What are the three reservoirs of infection - Answer Human, Non-Human animal,
environmental
list characteristics of human reservoirs - Answer often easier to control because we can
interpret more from symptoms, but can be asymptomatic-carriers of disease and contagious
with no symptoms or symptomatic-with symptoms
list characteristics of animal reservoirs - Answer such as mosquitoes, black plague, rabies, etc.
these are very common and are called zoonoses--diseases carried by animals that also can infect
humans
, list characteristics of environmental reservoirs - Answer hardest to eliminate because we
don't know precise location, located in soil and water and are everywhere
Vertical Transmission - Answer direct prenatal or mother-to-child transmission, either
through placenta, during childbirth, or through breastfeeding
Horizontal Transmission - Answer from person to person through air/direct contact/indirect
contact/ food/ water
Infectious Dose - Answer The specific amount of pathogen needed to cause infection
(minimum amount)
Description of Direct Contact transmission and examples - Answer tends to be successful with
low-ID infections (shigella) includes hand shaking, sexual contact, fecal-oral transmission,
Description of Indirect Contact transmission and examples - Answer inanimate objects
including clothing, doorknobs, handles, drinking glasses
Fomite - Answer inanimate object infected with pathogen that can infect individuals
Droplet Transmission is considered - Answer direct mode of contact!
usually spread in small densely populated situations
Cross Contamination - Answer transfer of pathogen from one food to another
Droplet Nuclei - Answer microbes attached to dried material that can be transferred as direct
contact transmission through air after laughing, singing, coughing, etc
HEPA filters can ensure less infected droplets are in air, strong filter
Mechanical Vector - Answer non-living vector, infected by another animal or vector and then
ingested or inhaled (meat infected by fly)
Biological Vector - Answer living vector bearing pathogen, IE mosquito
During Descriptive study, what things should be considered - Answer person, place, time, and
exact details can help pinpoint disease and track it down to exact index case, can help find how
to control disease
