MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology PRACTICE QUESTIONS
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Nephrotic syndrome
characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is
noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal
Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions
that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental
glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental
When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis
An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of
immune mechanisms.
,Nephritic syndrome
Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key
feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result
of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In
the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made
of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman
space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and
tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
, Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy
A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer
cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis
History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis
An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs
secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
AND ANSWERS LATEST AND COMPREHENSIVE VERSION
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS WITH
INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD
Nephrotic syndrome
characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is
noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal
Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions
that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental
glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental
When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis
An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of
immune mechanisms.
,Nephritic syndrome
Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key
feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result
of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In
the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made
of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman
space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and
tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
, Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy
A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer
cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis
History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis
An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs
secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
