Esmée Lieuw On
Samenvatting
Methods of Media Research
CM4304
Master Media en Journalistiek
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
,Esmée Lieuw On
Inhoudsopgave
Week 1: Surveys and Experiments I 3
Lecture: Characteristics of surveys and experiments 3
Lecture: Setting up a quantitative study and hypotheses 4
Lecture: Conceptualization and operationalization 6
Reading: Questionnaires 7
Week 2: Surveys and experiments II 8
Lecture: Assigning participants to experimental conditions 8
Lecture: Experimental designs 9
Week 3: Surveys and Experiments III 12
Lecture: Sampling Methods 12
Lecture: Developing a questionnaire 13
Article: a practical guide to experimental advertising research 14
Week 4: Data Analysis Method I 16
Lecture: Writing a method 16
Lecture: Common statistical terms explained 16
Lecture: APA Rules 17
Chapter 5 (Pallant) 18
Chapter 6 (Pallant) 18
Chapter 10 (Pallant) 19
Week 5: Data Analysis Method II 20
Lecture: Introduction to factor analysis 20
Lecture: Conducting and interpreting a factor analysis 21
Lecture: Reliability analysis and reporting 22
Chapter 9 (Pallant) 23
Chapter 15 (Pallant) 23
Week 6: Data Analysis Results I 24
Chapter 13 (Pallant) 24
Lecture: Introduction regression analysis 24
Lecture: Multiple regression analysis 25
Lecture: Hierarchical regression analysis 25
Week 7: Data Analysis Results II 27
Lecture: Introduction to comparing means 27
Lecture: ANOVA 28
Chapter 17 (Pallant) 28
Chapter 18 (Pallant) 29
Part Two 31
Qualitative 31
Week 1: Introductions 32
Reijnders Chapter 1 (Introduction): 32
Reijnders Chapter 2 (Theoretical Framework): 32
Larsen Chapter 24 (The Tourist Gaze): 33
Reijnders (Towards a holistic perspective on media, tourism and governance): 34
,Esmée Lieuw On
Smith Chapter 1 (Theoretical framework for cultural tourism studies): 35
Week 1: Surveys and Experiments I
Lecture: Characteristics of surveys and experiments
● Surveys (“X is related to Y”) can be used to capture people’s views and behaviors in
numbers (collect data from a large group of people, observe general patterns
between groups)
Popular method in academic research
, Esmée Lieuw On
Definition: systematic method for gathering quantitative information from a
relatively large sample taken from a population (characterized by one
characteristic like nationality, age group, occupation etc.)
Standardized procedures: same questionnaire, same questions, same order,
same answer options (close-ended questions)
What can you examine with a survey? → Attitudes, Beliefs, Values, Opinions,
Characteristics, Behaviors (= variables, anything that can be measured and
differ across people/time)
Survey allows you to measure a variable and whether there’s a relation
between multiple variables
Numeric values in surveys allows us to reject/accept hypotheses by using
statistical analysis
Survey research cannot be used to determine causality → no claims whether
one variable has an effect on another
● If you want to examine whether one variable can be the cause in another variable,
you will need experimental research (“X is responsible for Y”)
Causal variable is also known as independent or predictive variable
Outcome variable is also known as dependent variable
You modify one or more elements in a situation and compare whether the
outcomes are different based on that modification
Examine whether independent variable(s) can cause a change in dependent
variable (s)
Examining causality using experiments
1. Experimental manipulation of one or more independent variable(s)
2. Control all elements of the situation to isolate the effects of the
experimental manipulation
3. Assess differences in dependent variable(s) between experimental
conditions
Disadvantages of experimental research
1. Generalizability to ‘real-life’ settings
❖ Experiments can be quite artificial sometimes, so sometimes
difficult to generalize to real-life situations
2. Risk of violating ethical norms
❖ Can participants experience a form of distress or might
encounter any risk by participating in your study?
Samenvatting
Methods of Media Research
CM4304
Master Media en Journalistiek
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
,Esmée Lieuw On
Inhoudsopgave
Week 1: Surveys and Experiments I 3
Lecture: Characteristics of surveys and experiments 3
Lecture: Setting up a quantitative study and hypotheses 4
Lecture: Conceptualization and operationalization 6
Reading: Questionnaires 7
Week 2: Surveys and experiments II 8
Lecture: Assigning participants to experimental conditions 8
Lecture: Experimental designs 9
Week 3: Surveys and Experiments III 12
Lecture: Sampling Methods 12
Lecture: Developing a questionnaire 13
Article: a practical guide to experimental advertising research 14
Week 4: Data Analysis Method I 16
Lecture: Writing a method 16
Lecture: Common statistical terms explained 16
Lecture: APA Rules 17
Chapter 5 (Pallant) 18
Chapter 6 (Pallant) 18
Chapter 10 (Pallant) 19
Week 5: Data Analysis Method II 20
Lecture: Introduction to factor analysis 20
Lecture: Conducting and interpreting a factor analysis 21
Lecture: Reliability analysis and reporting 22
Chapter 9 (Pallant) 23
Chapter 15 (Pallant) 23
Week 6: Data Analysis Results I 24
Chapter 13 (Pallant) 24
Lecture: Introduction regression analysis 24
Lecture: Multiple regression analysis 25
Lecture: Hierarchical regression analysis 25
Week 7: Data Analysis Results II 27
Lecture: Introduction to comparing means 27
Lecture: ANOVA 28
Chapter 17 (Pallant) 28
Chapter 18 (Pallant) 29
Part Two 31
Qualitative 31
Week 1: Introductions 32
Reijnders Chapter 1 (Introduction): 32
Reijnders Chapter 2 (Theoretical Framework): 32
Larsen Chapter 24 (The Tourist Gaze): 33
Reijnders (Towards a holistic perspective on media, tourism and governance): 34
,Esmée Lieuw On
Smith Chapter 1 (Theoretical framework for cultural tourism studies): 35
Week 1: Surveys and Experiments I
Lecture: Characteristics of surveys and experiments
● Surveys (“X is related to Y”) can be used to capture people’s views and behaviors in
numbers (collect data from a large group of people, observe general patterns
between groups)
Popular method in academic research
, Esmée Lieuw On
Definition: systematic method for gathering quantitative information from a
relatively large sample taken from a population (characterized by one
characteristic like nationality, age group, occupation etc.)
Standardized procedures: same questionnaire, same questions, same order,
same answer options (close-ended questions)
What can you examine with a survey? → Attitudes, Beliefs, Values, Opinions,
Characteristics, Behaviors (= variables, anything that can be measured and
differ across people/time)
Survey allows you to measure a variable and whether there’s a relation
between multiple variables
Numeric values in surveys allows us to reject/accept hypotheses by using
statistical analysis
Survey research cannot be used to determine causality → no claims whether
one variable has an effect on another
● If you want to examine whether one variable can be the cause in another variable,
you will need experimental research (“X is responsible for Y”)
Causal variable is also known as independent or predictive variable
Outcome variable is also known as dependent variable
You modify one or more elements in a situation and compare whether the
outcomes are different based on that modification
Examine whether independent variable(s) can cause a change in dependent
variable (s)
Examining causality using experiments
1. Experimental manipulation of one or more independent variable(s)
2. Control all elements of the situation to isolate the effects of the
experimental manipulation
3. Assess differences in dependent variable(s) between experimental
conditions
Disadvantages of experimental research
1. Generalizability to ‘real-life’ settings
❖ Experiments can be quite artificial sometimes, so sometimes
difficult to generalize to real-life situations
2. Risk of violating ethical norms
❖ Can participants experience a form of distress or might
encounter any risk by participating in your study?
