6531 midterm review part II 2026/ 2027 Latest Exam
Update
EXAM
What are signs & symptoms of SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone)? - answerIncreased production of ADH (antidiuretic hormone), hyponatremia,
concentrated urine (from excess water resorption), elevated urine osmolality, mental
status changes from cerebral edema.
Diabetes insipidus is associated with what sodium level? - answerHypernatremia
Psychogenic polydipsia results in urine that is: - answerdiluted with low osmolality and
hyponatremia
How would you determine the cause of a patient's AKI who presents with decreased
urine output, history of neurogenic bladder, chronic foley, dark urine, and Cr increase
from 1.3 to 2.1 over 3 months? - answerFlush the foley catheter to see if urine comes
out and assess the patency of the catheter. This action will unblock clogged sediment or
biofilm from chronic bacteriuria.
When a female patient presents to the ER after sexual assault, what medications should
be offered prior to discharge? - answerCeftriaxone, azithromycin, Plan B, and
Metronidazole.
Manifestations of Conn syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)? - answerhypernatremia,
hypokalemia, and hypertension
What causes Cushing syndrome? - answerIncreased levels of glucocorticoids, can be
exogenous (from therapy) or endogenous (from adenoma or neoplasm).
Manifestations of Cushing syndrome? - answerhypertension, truncal obesity,
osteoporosis, skin fragility, and hyperglycemia.
, What differentiates primary adrenocortical insufficiency from secondary adrenocortical
insufficiency? - answerSkin hyperpigmentation is present in primary adrenocortical
insufficiency
What is Trousseau's sign? - answerA carpal spasm elicited by compression of the upper
arm with a BP cuff that indicates hypocalcemia.
What is Chovstek's sign? - answerA hemifacial tic that is induced by tapping the facial
nerve below the maxilla that indicates hypocalcemia.
What is Babinski's sign? - answerAn upward response (extension) of the hallux when
the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. Can identify spinal cord
disease in adults.
What is Romberg's sign? - answerLoss of balance in standing when eyes are closed.
Usually indicating a loss of proprioception or lesion in the cerebellum.
What is Homan's sign? - answerpain on passive dorsiflexion of ankle, associated with
DVT.
What is the clinical presentation of Goodpasture's syndrome? - answerUrinalysis:
Specific gravity: 1.020. pH 5.5, 1+ albumin and large blood present.
Chest XR positive for bilateral diffuse infiltrates.
BUN 30, Cr 3.0
Symptoms: dyspnea with hemoptysis
What is Goodpasture syndrome? - answerDamage to alveolar and renal glomerular
basement membranes by cytotoxic antibody.
Initial treatment for Goodpasture's syndrome? - answerHospitalization, pulse dose of
steroids, begin plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide therapy.
Characteristics of Grave's disease - answerOphthalmopathy (lid retraction, scleral show,
proptosis) and hyperthyroidism
What organism causes the formation of a staghorn calculus? - answerProteus mirabilus
What organism causes Toxic shock syndrome? - answerStaphylococcus aureus
What electrolyte disturbance is most likely to lead to tetany and neuromuscular
irritability? - answerHypocalcemia
Features of hypercalcemia include? - answer"Stones, groans, moans, and bones."
Delerium and renal stones
When you see hypochloremia, the patient may have? - answerMetabolic Alkalosis
Update
EXAM
What are signs & symptoms of SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone)? - answerIncreased production of ADH (antidiuretic hormone), hyponatremia,
concentrated urine (from excess water resorption), elevated urine osmolality, mental
status changes from cerebral edema.
Diabetes insipidus is associated with what sodium level? - answerHypernatremia
Psychogenic polydipsia results in urine that is: - answerdiluted with low osmolality and
hyponatremia
How would you determine the cause of a patient's AKI who presents with decreased
urine output, history of neurogenic bladder, chronic foley, dark urine, and Cr increase
from 1.3 to 2.1 over 3 months? - answerFlush the foley catheter to see if urine comes
out and assess the patency of the catheter. This action will unblock clogged sediment or
biofilm from chronic bacteriuria.
When a female patient presents to the ER after sexual assault, what medications should
be offered prior to discharge? - answerCeftriaxone, azithromycin, Plan B, and
Metronidazole.
Manifestations of Conn syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)? - answerhypernatremia,
hypokalemia, and hypertension
What causes Cushing syndrome? - answerIncreased levels of glucocorticoids, can be
exogenous (from therapy) or endogenous (from adenoma or neoplasm).
Manifestations of Cushing syndrome? - answerhypertension, truncal obesity,
osteoporosis, skin fragility, and hyperglycemia.
, What differentiates primary adrenocortical insufficiency from secondary adrenocortical
insufficiency? - answerSkin hyperpigmentation is present in primary adrenocortical
insufficiency
What is Trousseau's sign? - answerA carpal spasm elicited by compression of the upper
arm with a BP cuff that indicates hypocalcemia.
What is Chovstek's sign? - answerA hemifacial tic that is induced by tapping the facial
nerve below the maxilla that indicates hypocalcemia.
What is Babinski's sign? - answerAn upward response (extension) of the hallux when
the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. Can identify spinal cord
disease in adults.
What is Romberg's sign? - answerLoss of balance in standing when eyes are closed.
Usually indicating a loss of proprioception or lesion in the cerebellum.
What is Homan's sign? - answerpain on passive dorsiflexion of ankle, associated with
DVT.
What is the clinical presentation of Goodpasture's syndrome? - answerUrinalysis:
Specific gravity: 1.020. pH 5.5, 1+ albumin and large blood present.
Chest XR positive for bilateral diffuse infiltrates.
BUN 30, Cr 3.0
Symptoms: dyspnea with hemoptysis
What is Goodpasture syndrome? - answerDamage to alveolar and renal glomerular
basement membranes by cytotoxic antibody.
Initial treatment for Goodpasture's syndrome? - answerHospitalization, pulse dose of
steroids, begin plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide therapy.
Characteristics of Grave's disease - answerOphthalmopathy (lid retraction, scleral show,
proptosis) and hyperthyroidism
What organism causes the formation of a staghorn calculus? - answerProteus mirabilus
What organism causes Toxic shock syndrome? - answerStaphylococcus aureus
What electrolyte disturbance is most likely to lead to tetany and neuromuscular
irritability? - answerHypocalcemia
Features of hypercalcemia include? - answer"Stones, groans, moans, and bones."
Delerium and renal stones
When you see hypochloremia, the patient may have? - answerMetabolic Alkalosis
