BIOL 2051 LAB FINAL CORE BIOLOGY LAB
TECHNIQUES AND CONCEPTS REVIEW 2026
1. ◉ substrate.
2. Answer: a substance that reacts w/ an enzyme and can catalyze
only 1 reaction
3.
4. ◉ extracellular enzymes.
5. Answer: •enzymes that act outside of the cell in which they are
produced
6. •degrade large molecules into units that are small enough to be
transported across the cell membrane and into the cell where
they can be useful
7.
8. ◉ endoenzymes.
9. Answer: act inside the cell to degrade molecules to simpler
molecules, releasing energy or synthesizing molecules that are
needed by the cell
10.
11. ◉ inducible/adaptive enzymes.
12. Answer: •aka as adaptive enzymes
13. •enzymes that are produced only if the appropriate
substrate is available
14.
15. ◉ constitutive enzymes.
16. Answer: enzymes that are essential to the cell are
produced at all times
17.
,18. ◉ morphology.
19. Answer: to examine the cell size, shape, and arrangement
of a bacterium
20.
21. ◉ physiology.
22. Answer: tells how the organism functions in an
environment
23.
24. ◉ catalase.
25. Answer: •enzyme which breaks hydrogen peroxide into
water and molecular oxygen
26. •produced by essentially all microorganisms that use
oxygen for respiration
27.
28. ◉ monosaccharides.
29. Answer: small carbohydrates that are single sugars
usually w/ 5 or 6 carbons
30.
31. ◉ oligosaccharides.
32. Answer: means "few sugars" composed of 2 or more
monosaccharides
33.
34. ◉ polysaccharides.
35. Answer: larger polymers of monosaccharides and may
serve as structural components or as important reserve carbon
and energy sources
36.
37. ◉ cellulose.
38. Answer: •a polymer of glucose
,39. •the major structural components of plants
40.
41. ◉ β (1,4) glycosidic bond.
42. Answer: how glucose residues are joined
43.
44. ◉ global carbon cycle.
45. Answer: consists of fundamental processes such as
biosynthesis and degradation of cellulose
46.
47. ◉ cellulases.
48. Answer: produced by major decomposers of cellulose
such as fungi and bacteria
49.
50. ◉ aerobic cellulose degradation.
51. Answer: members of the genera Cytophaga and
Sporocytophaga
52.
53. ◉ anaerobic cellulose degradation.
54. Answer: members of the genera Clostridium
55.
56. ◉ thermophiles.
57. Answer: can degrade cellulose at high temperatures such
as Caldocellulosiruptor species
58.
59. ◉ glycogen.
60. Answer: •polymer of glucose
61. •is the reserve energy polysaccharide of animal cells
62.
63. ◉ dextran.
, 64. Answer: polymer of glucose
65.
66. ◉ starch.
67. Answer: a macromolecule composed of glucose molecules
68.
69. ◉ α (1-4) glycosidic bonds.
70. Answer: connects glucose bonds in starch
71.
72. ◉ amylase.
73. Answer: extracellular enzyme that can break glycosidic
bonds b/t the glucose subunits in starch
74.
75. ◉ iodine.
76. Answer: makes starch evident b/c iodine reacts w/ the
starch to produce a brown/blue color
77.
78. ◉ zone of hydrolysis.
79. Answer: a clear area around an amylase-producing colony
after the plate is flooded w/ iodine
80.
81. ◉ proteins.
82. Answer: macromolecules compose of one or more
polypeptides
83.
84. ◉ peptide bonds.
85. Answer: covalently join long chains of amino acids
86.
87. ◉ proteases.
88. Answer: enzymes that degrade proteins
TECHNIQUES AND CONCEPTS REVIEW 2026
1. ◉ substrate.
2. Answer: a substance that reacts w/ an enzyme and can catalyze
only 1 reaction
3.
4. ◉ extracellular enzymes.
5. Answer: •enzymes that act outside of the cell in which they are
produced
6. •degrade large molecules into units that are small enough to be
transported across the cell membrane and into the cell where
they can be useful
7.
8. ◉ endoenzymes.
9. Answer: act inside the cell to degrade molecules to simpler
molecules, releasing energy or synthesizing molecules that are
needed by the cell
10.
11. ◉ inducible/adaptive enzymes.
12. Answer: •aka as adaptive enzymes
13. •enzymes that are produced only if the appropriate
substrate is available
14.
15. ◉ constitutive enzymes.
16. Answer: enzymes that are essential to the cell are
produced at all times
17.
,18. ◉ morphology.
19. Answer: to examine the cell size, shape, and arrangement
of a bacterium
20.
21. ◉ physiology.
22. Answer: tells how the organism functions in an
environment
23.
24. ◉ catalase.
25. Answer: •enzyme which breaks hydrogen peroxide into
water and molecular oxygen
26. •produced by essentially all microorganisms that use
oxygen for respiration
27.
28. ◉ monosaccharides.
29. Answer: small carbohydrates that are single sugars
usually w/ 5 or 6 carbons
30.
31. ◉ oligosaccharides.
32. Answer: means "few sugars" composed of 2 or more
monosaccharides
33.
34. ◉ polysaccharides.
35. Answer: larger polymers of monosaccharides and may
serve as structural components or as important reserve carbon
and energy sources
36.
37. ◉ cellulose.
38. Answer: •a polymer of glucose
,39. •the major structural components of plants
40.
41. ◉ β (1,4) glycosidic bond.
42. Answer: how glucose residues are joined
43.
44. ◉ global carbon cycle.
45. Answer: consists of fundamental processes such as
biosynthesis and degradation of cellulose
46.
47. ◉ cellulases.
48. Answer: produced by major decomposers of cellulose
such as fungi and bacteria
49.
50. ◉ aerobic cellulose degradation.
51. Answer: members of the genera Cytophaga and
Sporocytophaga
52.
53. ◉ anaerobic cellulose degradation.
54. Answer: members of the genera Clostridium
55.
56. ◉ thermophiles.
57. Answer: can degrade cellulose at high temperatures such
as Caldocellulosiruptor species
58.
59. ◉ glycogen.
60. Answer: •polymer of glucose
61. •is the reserve energy polysaccharide of animal cells
62.
63. ◉ dextran.
, 64. Answer: polymer of glucose
65.
66. ◉ starch.
67. Answer: a macromolecule composed of glucose molecules
68.
69. ◉ α (1-4) glycosidic bonds.
70. Answer: connects glucose bonds in starch
71.
72. ◉ amylase.
73. Answer: extracellular enzyme that can break glycosidic
bonds b/t the glucose subunits in starch
74.
75. ◉ iodine.
76. Answer: makes starch evident b/c iodine reacts w/ the
starch to produce a brown/blue color
77.
78. ◉ zone of hydrolysis.
79. Answer: a clear area around an amylase-producing colony
after the plate is flooded w/ iodine
80.
81. ◉ proteins.
82. Answer: macromolecules compose of one or more
polypeptides
83.
84. ◉ peptide bonds.
85. Answer: covalently join long chains of amino acids
86.
87. ◉ proteases.
88. Answer: enzymes that degrade proteins
